Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner?

Main Article Content

Justin Harper
Michael R. Betts
Mathias Lichterfeld
Michaela Müller-Trutwin
David Margolis
Katharine J. Bar
Jonathan Z. Li
Joseph M. McCune
Sharon R. Lewin
Deanna Kulpa
Santiago Ávila-Ríos
Dázon Dixon Diallo
Michael M. Lederman
Mirko Paiardini

Abstract

This article is an updated version. See erratum: doi: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.696


Once a death sentence, HIV is now considered a manageable chronic disease due to the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with minimal toxicity and a high barrier for genetic resistance. While highly effective in arresting AIDS progression and rendering the virus untransmissible in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viremia (U=U) [1, 2]), ART alone is incapable of eradicating the “reservoir” of resting, latently infected CD4+ T cells from which virus recrudesces upon treatment cessation. As of 2022 estimates, there are 39 million PLWH, of whom 86% are aware of their status and 76% are receiving ART [3]. As of 2017, ART-treated PLWH exhibit near normalized life expectancies without adjustment for socioeconomic differences [4]. Furthermore, there is a global deceleration in the rate of new infections [3] driven by expanded access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV testing in vulnerable populations, and by ART treatment [5]. Therefore, despite outstanding issues pertaining to cost and access in developing countries, there is strong enthusiasm that aggressive testing, treatment, and effective viral suppression may be able to halt the ongoing HIV epidemic (ie, UNAIDS’ 95-95-95 targets) [6–8]; especially as evidenced by recent encouraging observations in Sydney [9].


Despite these promising efforts to limit further viral transmission, for PLWH, a “cure” remains elusive; whether it be to completely eradicate the viral reservoir (ie, cure) or to induce long-term viral remission in the absence of ART (ie, control; Figure 1). In a previous salon hosted by Pathogens and Immunity in 2016 [10], some researchers were optimistic that a cure was a feasible, scalable goal, albeit with no clear consensus on the best route. So, how are these cure strategies panning out? In this commentary, 8 years later, we will provide a brief overview on recent advances and failures towards identifying determinants of viral persistence and developing a scalable cure for HIV. Based on these observations, and as in the earlier salon, we have asked several prominent HIV cure researchers for their perspectives.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Section
Commentaries

References

1. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, Hakim JG, Kumwenda J, Grinsztejn B, Pilotto JH, Godbole SV, Chariyalertsak S, Santos BR, Mayer KH, Hoffman IF, Eshleman SH, Piwowar-Manning E, Cottle L, Zhang XC, Makhema J, Mills LA, Panchia R, Faesen S, Eron J, Gallant J, Havlir D, Swindells S, Elharrar V, Burns D, Taha TE, Nielsen-Saines K, Celentano DD, Essex M, Hudelson SE, Redd AD, Fleming TR, Team HS. Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):830-9. Epub 20160718. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600693. PubMed PMID: 27424812; PMCID: PMC5049503.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1600693

2. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, Corbelli GM, Estrada V, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Raben D, Coll P, Antinori A, Nwokolo N, Rieger A, Prins JM, Blaxhult A, Weber R, Van Eeden A, Brockmeyer NH, Clarke A, Del Romero Guerrero J, Raffi F, Bogner JR, Wandeler G, Gerstoft J, Gutierrez F, Brinkman K, Kitchen M, Ostergaard L, Leon A, Ristola M, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Phillips AN, Lundgren J, Group PS. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet. 2019;393(10189):2428-38. Epub 20190502. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0. PubMed PMID: 31056293; PMCID: PMC6584382.

3. UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet 2022 [cited 2023 October 2]. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet.

4. Edwards JK, Cole SR, Breger TL, Rudolph JE, Filiatreau LM, Buchacz K, Humes E, Rebeiro PF, D’Souza G, Gill MJ, Silverberg MJ, Mathews WC, Horberg MA, Thorne J, Hall HI, Justice A, Marconi VC, Lima VD, Bosch RJ, Sterling TR, Althoff KN, Moore RD, Saag M, Eron JJ. Mortality Among Persons Entering HIV Care Compared With the General U.S. Population : An Observational Study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(9):1197-206. Epub 20210706. doi: 10.7326/M21-0065. PubMed PMID: 34224262; PMCID: PMC8453103.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-0065

5. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Declines Among Young People and Drives Overall Decrease in New HIV Infections [cited 2023 October 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2023/p0523-hiv-declines-among-young-people.html.

6. UNAIDS. The Path that Ends AIDS [cited 2023 October 2]. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2023-unaids-global-aids-update_en.pdf.

7. Stover J, Glaubius R, Teng Y, Kelly S, Brown T, Hallett TB, Revill P, Barnighausen T, Phillips AN, Fontaine C, Frescura L, Izazola-Licea JA, Semini I, Godfrey-Faussett P, De Lay PR, Benzaken AS, Ghys PD. Modeling the epidemiological impact of the UNAIDS 2025 targets to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. PLoS Med. 2021;18(10):e1003831. Epub 20211018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003831. PubMed PMID: 34662333; PMCID: PMC8559943.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003831

8. Office of Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS Policy. Ending the HIV Epidemic [cited 2024 February 6]. Available from: https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/ending-the-hiv-epidemic/overview/.

9. Gray R, McManus H, King J, Petoumenos K, Grulich A, Guy R, McGregor S, editors. Australia’s progress towards ending HIV as a public health threat: trends in epidemiological metrics over 2004-2021. IAS; 2023 July 24; Brisbane, Australia.

10. Lederman MM, Cannon PM, Currier JS, June CH, Kiem HP, Kuritzkes DR, Lewin SR, Margolis DM, McCune JM, Mellors JW, Schacker TW, Sekaly RP, Tebas P, Walker BD, Douek DC. A Cure for HIV Infection: “Not in My Lifetime” or “Just Around the Corner”? Pathog Immun. 2016;1(1):154-64. doi: 10.20411/pai.v1i1.133. PubMed PMID: 27668293; PMCID: PMC5033048.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v1i1.133

11. Siliciano JD, Kajdas J, Finzi D, Quinn TC, Chadwick K, Margolick JB, Kovacs C, Gange SJ, Siliciano RF. Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells. Nat Med. 2003;9(6):727-8. Epub 20030518. doi: 10.1038/nm880. PubMed PMID: 12754504.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm880

12. Li JZ, Aga E, Bosch RJ, Pilkinton M, Kroon E, MacLaren L, Keefer M, Fox L, Barr L, Acosta E, Ananworanich J, Coombs R, Mellors JW, Landay AL, Macatangay B, Deeks S, Gandhi RT, Smith DM. Time to Viral Rebound After Interruption of Modern Antiretroviral Therapies. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(5):865-70. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab541. PubMed PMID: 34117753; PMCID: PMC8906742.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab541

13. Li JZ, Etemad B, Ahmed H, Aga E, Bosch RJ, Mellors JW, Kuritzkes DR, Lederman MM, Para M, Gandhi RT. The size of the expressed HIV reservoir predicts timing of viral rebound after treatment interruption. AIDS. 2016;30(3):343-53. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000953. PubMed PMID: 26588174; PMCID: PMC4840470.

14. Shan L, Deng K, Gao H, Xing S, Capoferri AA, Durand CM, Rabi SA, Laird GM, Kim M, Hosmane NN, Yang HC, Zhang H, Margolick JB, Li L, Cai W, Ke R, Flavell RA, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Transcriptional Reprogramming during Effector-to-Memory Transition Renders CD4(+) T Cells Permissive for Latent HIV-1 Infection. Immunity. 2017;47(4):766-75 e3. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.014. PubMed PMID: 29045905; PMCID: PMC5948104.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.014

15. Whitney JB, Hill AL, Sanisetty S, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Liu J, Shetty M, Parenteau L, Cabral C, Shields J, Blackmore S, Smith JY, Brinkman AL, Peter LE, Mathew SI, Smith KM, Borducchi EN, Rosenbloom DI, Lewis MG, Hattersley J, Li B, Hesselgesser J, Geleziunas R, Robb ML, Kim JH, Michael NL, Barouch DH. Rapid seeding of the viral reservoir prior to SIV viraemia in rhesus monkeys. Nature. 2014;512(7512):74-7. Epub 20140720. doi: 10.1038/nature13594. PubMed PMID: 25042999; PMCID: PMC4126858.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13594

16. Whitney JB, Lim SY, Osuna CE, Kublin JL, Chen E, Yoon G, Liu PT, Abbink P, Borducci EN, Hill A, Lewis MG, Geleziunas R, Robb ML, Michael NL, Barouch DH. Prevention of SIVmac251 reservoir seeding in rhesus monkeys by early antiretroviral therapy. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5429. Epub 20181221. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07881-9. PubMed PMID: 30575753; PMCID: PMC6303321.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07881-9

17. Gantner P, Buranapraditkun S, Pagliuzza A, Dufour C, Pardons M, Mitchell JL, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, Tulmethakaan N, Pinyakorn S, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Hsu D, Vasan S, Trautmann L, Fromentin R, Chomont N. HIV rapidly targets a diverse pool of CD4(+) T cells to establish productive and latent infections. Immunity. 2023;56(3):653-68 e5. Epub 20230217. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.030. PubMed PMID: 36804957; PMCID: PMC10023508.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.030

18. Abrahams MR, Joseph SB, Garrett N, Tyers L, Moeser M, Archin N, Council OD, Matten D, Zhou S, Doolabh D, Anthony C, Goonetilleke N, Karim SA, Margolis DM, Pond SK, Williamson C, Swanstrom R. The replication-competent HIV-1 latent reservoir is primarily established near the time of therapy initiation. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(513). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw5589. PubMed PMID: 31597754; PMCID: PMC7233356.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw5589

19. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, Hakim JG, Kumwenda J, Grinsztejn B, Pilotto JH, Godbole SV, Mehendale S, Chariyalertsak S, Santos BR, Mayer KH, Hoffman IF, Eshleman SH, Piwowar-Manning E, Wang L, Makhema J, Mills LA, de Bruyn G, Sanne I, Eron J, Gallant J, Havlir D, Swindells S, Ribaudo H, Elharrar V, Burns D, Taha TE, Nielsen-Saines K, Celentano D, Essex M, Fleming TR, Team HS. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493-505. Epub 20110718. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105243. PubMed PMID: 21767103; PMCID: PMC3200068.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105243

20. Takata H, Buranapraditkun S, Kessing C, Fletcher JL, Muir R, Tardif V, Cartwright P, Vandergeeten C, Bakeman W, Nichols CN, Pinyakorn S, Hansasuta P, Kroon E, Chalermchai T, O’Connell R, Kim J, Phanuphak N, Robb ML, Michael NL, Chomont N, Haddad EK, Ananworanich J, Trautmann L, Rv254/Search, the RVSSG. Delayed differentiation of potent effector CD8(+) T cells reducing viremia and reservoir seeding in acute HIV infection. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(377). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1809. PubMed PMID: 28202771; PMCID: PMC5678930.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aag1809

21. Shelton EM, Reeves DB, Bender Ignacio RA. Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy during Primary HIV Infection: Effects on the Latent HIV Reservoir, Including on Analytic Treatment Interruptions. AIDS Rev. 2020;23(1):28-39. doi: 10.24875/AIDSRev.20000001. PubMed PMID: 33105471; PMCID: PMC7987773.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24875/AIDSRev.20000001

22. Sereti I, Krebs SJ, Phanuphak N, Fletcher JL, Slike B, Pinyakorn S, O’Connell RJ, Rupert A, Chomont N, Valcour V, Kim JH, Robb ML, Michael NL, Douek DC, Ananworanich J, Utay NS, Rv254/Search RS, teams Sp. Persistent, Albeit Reduced, Chronic Inflammation in Persons Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in Acute HIV Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(2):124-31. Epub 20161012. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw683. PubMed PMID: 27737952; PMCID: PMC5215214.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw683

23. Muccini C, Crowell TA, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, Ramautarsing R, Seekaew P, Phanuphak P, Ananworanich J, Colby DJ, Phanuphak N. Leveraging early HIV diagnosis and treatment in Thailand to conduct HIV cure research. AIDS Res Ther. 2019;16(1):25. Epub 20190906. doi: 10.1186/s12981-019-0240-4. PubMed PMID: 31492161; PMCID: PMC6729012.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-019-0240-4

24. Okoye AA, Hansen SG, Vaidya M, Fukazawa Y, Park H, Duell DM, Lum R, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ainslie E, Ford JC, Morrow D, Gilbride RM, Legasse AW, Hesselgesser J, Geleziunas R, Li Y, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Fast R, Bosche WJ, Borate BR, Edlefsen PT, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ, Lifson JD. Early antiretroviral therapy limits SIV reservoir establishment to delay or prevent post-treatment viral rebound. Nat Med. 2018;24(9):1430-40. Epub 20180806. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0130-7. PubMed PMID: 30082858; PMCID: PMC6389357.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0130-7

25. Colby DJ, Trautmann L, Pinyakorn S, Leyre L, Pagliuzza A, Kroon E, Rolland M, Takata H, Buranapraditkun S, Intasan J, Chomchey N, Muir R, Haddad EK, Tovanabutra S, Ubolyam S, Bolton DL, Fullmer BA, Gorelick RJ, Fox L, Crowell TA, Trichavaroj R, O’Connell R, Chomont N, Kim JH, Michael NL, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, group RVs. Rapid HIV RNA rebound after antiretroviral treatment interruption in persons durably suppressed in Fiebig I acute HIV infection. Nat Med. 2018;24(7):923-6. Epub 20180611. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0026-6. PubMed PMID: 29892063; PMCID: PMC6092240.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0026-6

26. Henrich TJ, Hatano H, Bacon O, Hogan LE, Rutishauser R, Hill A, Kearney MF, Anderson EM, Buchbinder SP, Cohen SE, Abdel-Mohsen M, Pohlmeyer CW, Fromentin R, Hoh R, Liu AY, McCune JM, Spindler J, Metcalf-Pate K, Hobbs KS, Thanh C, Gibson EA, Kuritzkes DR, Siliciano RF, Price RW, Richman DD, Chomont N, Siliciano JD, Mellors JW, Yukl SA, Blankson JN, Liegler T, Deeks SG. HIV-1 persistence following extremely early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV-1 infection: An observational study. PLoS Med. 2017;14(11):e1002417. Epub 20171107. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002417. PubMed PMID: 29112956; PMCID: PMC5675377.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002417

27. Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, Garrett PE, Schumacher RT, Peddada L, Heldebrant C, Smith R, Conrad A, Kleinman SH, Busch MP. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003;17(13):1871-9. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200309050-00005. PubMed PMID: 12960819.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200309050-00005

28. McMyn NF, Varriale J, Fray EJ, Zitzmann C, MacLeod H, Lai J, Singhal A, Moskovljevic M, Garcia MA, Lopez BM, Hariharan V, Rhodehouse K, Lynn K, Tebas P, Mounzer K, Montaner LJ, Benko E, Kovacs C, Hoh R, Simonetti FR, Laird GM, Deeks SG, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JM. The latent reservoir of inducible, infectious HIV-1 does not decrease despite decades of antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest. 2023;133(17). Epub 20230901. doi: 10.1172/JCI171554. PubMed PMID: 37463049; PMCID: PMC10471168.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI171554

29. Chomont N, El-Far M, Ancuta P, Trautmann L, Procopio FA, Yassine-Diab B, Boucher G, Boulassel MR, Ghattas G, Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Hill BJ, Douek DC, Routy JP, Haddad EK, Sekaly RP. HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation. Nat Med. 2009;15(8):893-900. Epub 20090621. doi: 10.1038/nm.1972. PubMed PMID: 19543283; PMCID: PMC2859814.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.1972

30. Mendoza P, Jackson JR, Oliveira TY, Gaebler C, Ramos V, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC, Cohn LB. Antigen-responsive CD4+ T cell clones contribute to the HIV-1 latent reservoir. J Exp Med. 2020;217(7). doi: 10.1084/jem.20200051. PubMed PMID: 32311008; PMCID: PMC7336300.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200051

31. Simonetti FR, Zhang H, Soroosh GP, Duan J, Rhodehouse K, Hill AL, Beg SA, McCormick K, Raymond HE, Nobles CL, Everett JK, Kwon KJ, White JA, Lai J, Margolick JB, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Bushman FD, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Antigen-driven clonal selection shapes the persistence of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in vivo. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(3). doi: 10.1172/JCI145254. PubMed PMID: 33301425; PMCID: PMC7843227.

32. Collora JA, Liu R, Pinto-Santini D, Ravindra N, Ganoza C, Lama JR, Alfaro R, Chiarella J, Spudich S, Mounzer K, Tebas P, Montaner LJ, van Dijk D, Duerr A, Ho YC. Single-cell multiomics reveals persistence of HIV-1 in expanded cytotoxic T cell clones. Immunity. 2022;55(6):1013-31 e7. Epub 20220322. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.004. PubMed PMID: 35320704; PMCID: PMC9203927.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.004

33. Maldarelli F, Wu X, Su L, Simonetti FR, Shao W, Hill S, Spindler J, Ferris AL, Mellors JW, Kearney MF, Coffin JM, Hughes SH. HIV latency. Specific HIV integration sites are linked to clonal expansion and persistence of infected cells. Science. 2014;345(6193):179-83. Epub 20140626. doi: 10.1126/science.1254194. PubMed PMID: 24968937; PMCID: PMC4262401.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254194

34. Wagner TA, McLaughlin S, Garg K, Cheung CY, Larsen BB, Styrchak S, Huang HC, Edlefsen PT, Mullins JI, Frenkel LM. HIV latency. Proliferation of cells with HIV integrated into cancer genes contributes to persistent infection. Science. 2014;345(6196):570-3. Epub 20140710. doi: 10.1126/science.1256304. PubMed PMID: 25011556; PMCID: PMC4230336.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256304

35. Coffin JM, Bale MJ, Wells D, Guo S, Luke B, Zerbato JM, Sobolewski MD, Sia T, Shao W, Wu X, Maldarelli F, Kearney MF, Mellors JW, Hughes SH. Integration in oncogenes plays only a minor role in determining the in vivo distribution of HIV integration sites before or during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(4):e1009141. Epub 20210407. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009141. PubMed PMID: 33826675; PMCID: PMC8055010.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009141

36. Buzon MJ, Sun H, Li C, Shaw A, Seiss K, Ouyang Z, Martin-Gayo E, Leng J, Henrich TJ, Li JZ, Pereyra F, Zurakowski R, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. HIV-1 persistence in CD4+ T cells with stem cell-like properties. Nat Med. 2014;20(2):139-42. Epub 20140112. doi: 10.1038/nm.3445. PubMed PMID: 24412925; PMCID: PMC3959167.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3445

37. Jaafoura S, de Goer de Herve MG, Hernandez-Vargas EA, Hendel-Chavez H, Abdoh M, Mateo MC, Krzysiek R, Merad M, Seng R, Tardieu M, Delfraissy JF, Goujard C, Taoufik Y. Progressive contraction of the latent HIV reservoir around a core of less-differentiated CD4(+) memory T Cells. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5407. Epub 20141110. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6407. PubMed PMID: 25382623; PMCID: PMC4241984.

38. Einkauf KB, Lee GQ, Gao C, Sharaf R, Sun X, Hua S, Chen SM, Jiang C, Lian X, Chowdhury FZ, Rosenberg ES, Chun TW, Li JZ, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Intact HIV-1 proviruses accumulate at distinct chromosomal positions during prolonged antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(3):988-98. Epub 20190128. doi: 10.1172/JCI124291. PubMed PMID: 30688658; PMCID: PMC6391088.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI124291

39. Lian X, Seiger KW, Parsons EM, Gao C, Sun W, Gladkov GT, Roseto IC, Einkauf KB, Osborn MR, Chevalier JM, Jiang C, Blackmer J, Carrington M, Rosenberg ES, Lederman MM, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Jacobson JM, Gandhi RT, Peluso MJ, Chun TW, Deeks SG, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Progressive transformation of the HIV-1 reservoir cell profile over two decades of antiviral therapy. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(1):83-96 e5. Epub 20230102. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.002. PubMed PMID: 36596305; PMCID: PMC9839361.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.002

40. Einkauf KB, Osborn MR, Gao C, Sun W, Sun X, Lian X, Parsons EM, Gladkov GT, Seiger KW, Blackmer JE, Jiang C, Yukl SA, Rosenberg ES, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Parallel analysis of transcription, integration, and sequence of single HIV-1 proviruses. Cell. 2022;185(2):266-82 e15. Epub 20220112. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.011. PubMed PMID: 35026153; PMCID: PMC8809251.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.011

41. Deleage C, Wietgrefe SW, Del Prete G, Morcock DR, Hao XP, Piatak M, Jr., Bess J, Anderson JL, Perkey KE, Reilly C, McCune JM, Haase AT, Lifson JD, Schacker TW, Estes JD. Defining HIV and SIV Reservoirs in Lymphoid Tissues. Pathog Immun. 2016;1(1):68-106. doi: 10.20411/pai.v1i1.100. PubMed PMID: 27430032; PMCID: PMC4943335.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v1i1.100

42. Liu Z, Julius P, Kang G, West JT, Wood C. Subtype C HIV-1 reservoirs throughout the body in ART-suppressed individuals. JCI Insight. 2022;7(20). Epub 20221024. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.162604. PubMed PMID: 36278485; PMCID: PMC9714794.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.162604

43. Dube M, Tastet O, Dufour C, Sannier G, Brassard N, Delgado GG, Pagliuzza A, Richard C, Nayrac M, Routy JP, Prat A, Estes JD, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Kaufmann DE. Spontaneous HIV expression during suppressive ART is associated with the magnitude and function of HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(9):1507-22 e5. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.006. PubMed PMID: 37708853; PMCID: PMC10542967.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.006

44. Takata H, Mitchell JL, Pacheco J, Pagliuzza A, Pinyakorn S, Buranapraditkun S, Sacdalan C, Leyre L, Nathanson S, Kakazu JC, Intasan J, Prueksakaew P, Chomchey N, Phanuphak N, de Souza M, Haddad EK, Rolland M, Tovanabutra S, Vasan S, Hsu DC, Chomont N, Trautmann L, Rv254/Search, Rv304/Search. An active HIV reservoir during ART is associated with maintenance of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell magnitude and short-lived differentiation status. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(9):1494-506 e4. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.012. PubMed PMID: 37708852; PMCID: PMC10564289.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.012

45. Jacquelin B, Mayau V, Targat B, Liovat AS, Kunkel D, Petitjean G, Dillies MA, Roques P, Butor C, Silvestri G, Giavedoni LD, Lebon P, Barre-Sinoussi F, Benecke A, Muller-Trutwin MC. Nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys induces a strong but rapidly controlled type I IFN response. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(12):3544-55. doi: 10.1172/JCI40093. PubMed PMID: 19959873; PMCID: PMC2786805.

46. Paiardini M, Cervasi B, Reyes-Aviles E, Micci L, Ortiz AM, Chahroudi A, Vinton C, Gordon SN, Bosinger SE, Francella N, Hallberg PL, Cramer E, Schlub T, Chan ML, Riddick NE, Collman RG, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Else J, Munch J, Kirchhoff F, Davenport MP, Brenchley JM, Silvestri G. Low levels of SIV infection in sooty mangabey central memory CD(4)(+) T cells are associated with limited CCR5 expression. Nat Med. 2011;17(7):830-6. Epub 20110626. doi: 10.1038/nm.2395. PubMed PMID: 21706028; PMCID: PMC3253129.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2395

47. Huot N, Jacquelin B, Garcia-Tellez T, Rascle P, Ploquin MJ, Madec Y, Reeves RK, Derreudre-Bosquet N, Muller-Trutwin M. Natural killer cells migrate into and control simian immunodeficiency virus replication in lymph node follicles in African green monkeys. Nat Med. 2017;23(11):1277-86. Epub 20171016. doi: 10.1038/nm.4421. PubMed PMID: 29035370; PMCID: PMC6362838.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4421

48. Palesch D, Bosinger SE, Tharp GK, Vanderford TH, Paiardini M, Chahroudi A, Johnson ZP, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Norgren RB, Patel NB, Sodora DL, Dawoud RA, Stewart CB, Seepo SM, Harris RA, Liu Y, Raveendran M, Han Y, English A, Thomas GWC, Hahn MW, Pipes L, Mason CE, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Sauter D, Worley K, Rogers J, Silvestri G. Sooty mangabey genome sequence provides insight into AIDS resistance in a natural SIV host. Nature. 2018;553(7686):77-81. doi: 10.1038/nature25140. PubMed PMID: 29300007; PMCID: PMC5843367.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25140

49. Huot N, Rascle P, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Sturzel CM, Baquero E, Harper JL, Passaes C, Legendre R, Varet H, Madec Y, Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Nattermann J, Saez-Cirion A, Le Grand R, Keith Reeves R, Paiardini M, Kirchhoff F, Jacquelin B, Muller-Trutwin M. SIV-induced terminally differentiated adaptive NK cells in lymph nodes associated with enhanced MHC-E restricted activity. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1282. Epub 20210224. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21402-1. PubMed PMID: 33627642; PMCID: PMC7904927.

50. Fukazawa Y, Lum R, Okoye AA, Park H, Matsuda K, Bae JY, Hagen SI, Shoemaker R, Deleage C, Lucero C, Morcock D, Swanson T, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Hesselgesser J, Geleziunas R, Hirsch VM, Edlefsen PT, Piatak M, Jr., Estes JD, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. B cell follicle sanctuary permits persistent productive simian immunodeficiency virus infection in elite controllers. Nat Med. 2015;21(2):132-9. Epub 20150119. doi: 10.1038/nm.3781. PubMed PMID: 25599132; PMCID: PMC4320022.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3781

51. Vesterbacka J, Rivera J, Noyan K, Parera M, Neogi U, Calle M, Paredes R, Sonnerborg A, Noguera-Julian M, Nowak P. Richer gut microbiota with distinct metabolic profile in HIV infected Elite Controllers. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6269. Epub 20170724. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06675-1. PubMed PMID: 28740260; PMCID: PMC5524949.

52. Angin M, Volant S, Passaes C, Lecuroux C, Monceaux V, Dillies MA, Valle-Casuso JC, Pancino G, Vaslin B, Le Grand R, Weiss L, Goujard C, Meyer L, Boufassa F, Muller-Trutwin M, Lambotte O, Saez-Cirion A. Metabolic plasticity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells is associated with enhanced antiviral potential and natural control of HIV-1 infection. Nat Metab. 2019;1(7):704-16. Epub 20190712. doi: 10.1038/s42255-019-0081-4. PubMed PMID: 32694646.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-019-0081-4

53. Sekine T, Perez-Potti A, Nguyen S, Gorin JB, Wu VH, Gostick E, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Hammer Q, Falck-Jones S, Vangeti S, Yu M, Smed-Sorensen A, Gaballa A, Uhlin M, Sandberg JK, Brander C, Nowak P, Goepfert PA, Price DA, Betts MR, Buggert M. TOX is expressed by exhausted and polyfunctional human effector memory CD8(+) T cells. Sci Immunol. 2020;5(49). doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba7918. PubMed PMID: 32620560.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aba7918

54. Jiang C, Lian X, Gao C, Sun X, Einkauf KB, Chevalier JM, Chen SMY, Hua S, Rhee B, Chang K, Blackmer JE, Osborn M, Peluso MJ, Hoh R, Somsouk M, Milush J, Bertagnolli LN, Sweet SE, Varriale JA, Burbelo PD, Chun TW, Laird GM, Serrao E, Engelman AN, Carrington M, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JM, Deeks SG, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Distinct viral reservoirs in individuals with spontaneous control of HIV-1. Nature. 2020;585(7824):261-7. Epub 20200826. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2651-8. PubMed PMID: 32848246; PMCID: PMC7837306.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2651-8

55. Lian X, Gao C, Sun X, Jiang C, Einkauf KB, Seiger KW, Chevalier JM, Yuki Y, Martin M, Hoh R, Peluso MJ, Carrington M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Deeks SG, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Signatures of immune selection in intact and defective proviruses distinguish HIV-1 elite controllers. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(624):eabl4097. Epub 20211215. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl4097. PubMed PMID: 34910552; PMCID: PMC9202005.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abl4097

56. Perdomo-Celis F, Passaes C, Monceaux V, Volant S, Boufassa F, de Truchis P, Marcou M, Bourdic K, Weiss L, Jung C, Bourgeois C, Goujard C, Meyer L, Muller-Trutwin M, Lambotte O, Saez-Cirion A. Reprogramming dysfunctional CD8+ T cells to promote properties associated with natural HIV control. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(11). doi: 10.1172/JCI157549. PubMed PMID: 35380989; PMCID: PMC9151687.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI157549

57. Saez-Cirion A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, Avettand-Fenoel V, Girault I, Lecuroux C, Potard V, Versmisse P, Melard A, Prazuck T, Descours B, Guergnon J, Viard JP, Boufassa F, Lambotte O, Goujard C, Meyer L, Costagliola D, Venet A, Pancino G, Autran B, Rouzioux C, Group AVS. Post-treatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(3):e1003211. Epub 20130314. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003211. PubMed PMID: 23516360; PMCID: PMC3597518.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003211

58. Galvez C, Urrea V, Dalmau J, Jimenez M, Clotet B, Monceaux V, Huot N, Leal L, Gonzalez-Soler V, Gonzalez-Cao M, Muller-Trutwin M, Saez-Cirion A, Garcia F, Blanco J, Martinez-Picado J, Salgado M. Extremely low viral reservoir in treated chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. EBioMedicine. 2020;57:102830. Epub 20200621. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102830. PubMed PMID: 32580136; PMCID: PMC7317241.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102830

59. Strongin Z, Micci L, Fromentin R, Harper J, McBrien J, Ryan E, Shenvi N, Easley K, Chomont N, Silvestri G, Paiardini M. Virologic and Immunologic Features of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Control Post-ART Interruption in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol. 2020;94(14). Epub 20200701. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00338-20. PubMed PMID: 32350073; PMCID: PMC7343203.

60. Molinos-Albert LM, Lorin V, Monceaux V, Orr S, Essat A, Dufloo J, Schwartz O, Rouzioux C, Meyer L, Hocqueloux L, Saez-Cirion A, Mouquet H, Group AVS. Transient viral exposure drives functionally-coordinated humoral immune responses in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):1944. Epub 20220411. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29511-1. PubMed PMID: 35410989; PMCID: PMC9001681.

61. Galvez C, Urrea V, Garcia-Guerrero MDC, Bernal S, Benet S, Mothe B, Bailon L, Dalmau J, Martinez A, Nieto A, Leal L, Garcia F, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J, Salgado M. Altered T-cell subset distribution in the viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected individuals with extremely low proviral DNA (LoViReTs). J Intern Med. 2022;292(2):308-20. Epub 20220328. doi: 10.1111/joim.13484. PubMed PMID: 35342993; PMCID: PMC9308636.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13484

62. Day CL, Kaufmann DE, Kiepiela P, Brown JA, Moodley ES, Reddy S, Mackey EW, Miller JD, Leslie AJ, DePierres C, Mncube Z, Duraiswamy J, Zhu B, Eichbaum Q, Altfeld M, Wherry EJ, Coovadia HM, Goulder PJ, Klenerman P, Ahmed R, Freeman GJ, Walker BD. PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Nature. 2006;443(7109):350-4. Epub 20060820. doi: 10.1038/nature05115. PubMed PMID: 16921384.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05115

63. McGary CS, Deleage C, Harper J, Micci L, Ribeiro SP, Paganini S, Kuri-Cervantes L, Benne C, Ryan ES, Balderas R, Jean S, Easley K, Marconi V, Silvestri G, Estes JD, Sekaly RP, Paiardini M. CTLA-4(+)PD-1(-) Memory CD4(+) T Cells Critically Contribute to Viral Persistence in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed, SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Immunity. 2017;47(4):776-88 e5. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.018. PubMed PMID: 29045906; PMCID: PMC5679306.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.018

64. Banga R, Procopio FA, Noto A, Pollakis G, Cavassini M, Ohmiti K, Corpataux JM, de Leval L, Pantaleo G, Perreau M. PD-1(+) and follicular helper T cells are responsible for persistent HIV-1 transcription in treated aviremic individuals. Nat Med. 2016;22(7):754-61. Epub 20160530. doi: 10.1038/nm.4113. PubMed PMID: 27239760.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4113

65. Ren Y, Huang SH, Patel S, Alberto WDC, Magat D, Ahimovic D, Macedo AB, Durga R, Chan D, Zale E, Mota TM, Truong R, Rohwetter T, McCann CD, Kovacs CM, Benko E, Wimpelberg A, Cannon C, Hardy WD, Bosque A, Bollard CM, Jones RB. BCL-2 antagonism sensitizes cytotoxic T cell-resistant HIV reservoirs to elimination ex vivo. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2542-59. doi: 10.1172/JCI132374. PubMed PMID: 32027622; PMCID: PMC7191002.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI132374

66. Harper J, Ribeiro SP, Chan CN, Aid M, Deleage C, Micci L, Pino M, Cervasi B, Raghunathan G, Rimmer E, Ayanoglu G, Wu G, Shenvi N, Barnard RJ, Del Prete GQ, Busman-Sahay K, Silvestri G, Kulpa DA, Bosinger SE, Easley KA, Howell BJ, Gorman D, Hazuda DJ, Estes JD, Sekaly RP, Paiardini M. Interleukin-10 contributes to reservoir establishment and persistence in SIV-infected macaques treated with antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(8). doi: 10.1172/JCI155251. PubMed PMID: 35230978; PMCID: PMC9012284.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI155251

67. Mutascio S, Mota T, Franchitti L, Sharma AA, Willemse A, Bergstresser SN, Wang H, Statzu M, Tharp GK, Weiler J, Sekaly RP, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Jones RB, Kulpa DA. CD8(+) T cells promote HIV latency by remodeling CD4(+) T cell metabolism to enhance their survival, quiescence, and stemness. Immunity. 2023;56(5):1132-47 e6. Epub 20230407. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.010. PubMed PMID: 37030290.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.010

68. Honeycutt JB, Wahl A, Baker C, Spagnuolo RA, Foster J, Zakharova O, Wietgrefe S, Caro-Vegas C, Madden V, Sharpe G, Haase AT, Eron JJ, Garcia JV. Macrophages sustain HIV replication in vivo independently of T cells. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(4):1353-66. Epub 20160307. doi: 10.1172/JCI84456. PubMed PMID: 26950420; PMCID: PMC4811134.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI84456

69. Descours B, Petitjean G, Lopez-Zaragoza JL, Bruel T, Raffel R, Psomas C, Reynes J, Lacabaratz C, Levy Y, Schwartz O, Lelievre JD, Benkirane M. CD32a is a marker of a CD4 T-cell HIV reservoir harbouring replication-competent proviruses. Nature. 2017;543(7646):564-7. Epub 20170315. doi: 10.1038/nature21710. PubMed PMID: 28297712.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21710

70. Bertagnolli LN, White JA, Simonetti FR, Beg SA, Lai J, Tomescu C, Murray AJ, Antar AAR, Zhang H, Margolick JB, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Tebas P, Montaner LJ, Siliciano RF, Laird GM, Siliciano JD. The role of CD32 during HIV-1 infection. Nature. 2018;561(7723):E17-E9. Epub 20180919. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0494-3. PubMed PMID: 30232425; PMCID: PMC6442722.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0494-3

71. Perez L, Anderson J, Chipman J, Thorkelson A, Chun TW, Moir S, Haase AT, Douek DC, Schacker TW, Boritz EA. Conflicting evidence for HIV enrichment in CD32(+) CD4 T cells. Nature. 2018;561(7723):E9-E16. Epub 20180919. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0493-4. PubMed PMID: 30232423; PMCID: PMC6410373.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0493-4

72. Osuna CE, Lim SY, Kublin JL, Apps R, Chen E, Mota TM, Huang SH, Ren Y, Bachtel ND, Tsibris AM, Ackerman ME, Jones RB, Nixon DF, Whitney JB. Evidence that CD32a does not mark the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Nature. 2018;561(7723):E20-E8. Epub 20180919. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0495-2. PubMed PMID: 30232424; PMCID: PMC6528470.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0495-2

73. Clark IC, Mudvari P, Thaploo S, Smith S, Abu-Laban M, Hamouda M, Theberge M, Shah S, Ko SH, Perez L, Bunis DG, Lee JS, Kilam D, Zakaria S, Choi S, Darko S, Henry AR, Wheeler MA, Hoh R, Butrus S, Deeks SG, Quintana FJ, Douek DC, Abate AR, Boritz EA. HIV silencing and cell survival signatures in infected T cell reservoirs. Nature. 2023;614(7947):318-25. Epub 20230104. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05556-6. PubMed PMID: 36599978; PMCID: PMC9908556.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05556-6

74. Sun W, Gao C, Hartana CA, Osborn MR, Einkauf KB, Lian X, Bone B, Bonheur N, Chun TW, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Phenotypic signatures of immune selection in HIV-1 reservoir cells. Nature. 2023;614(7947):309-17. Epub 20230104. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05538-8. PubMed PMID: 36599977; PMCID: PMC9908552.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05538-8

75. Swanstrom AE, Immonen TT, Oswald K, Pyle C, Thomas JA, Bosche WJ, Silipino L, Hull M, Newman L, Coalter V, Wiles A, Wiles R, Kiser J, Morcock DR, Shoemaker R, Fast R, Breed MW, Kramer J, Donohue D, Malys T, Fennessey CM, Trubey CM, Deleage C, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Keele BF, Del Prete GQ. Antibody-mediated depletion of viral reservoirs is limited in SIV-infected macaques treated early with antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(6). doi: 10.1172/JCI142421. PubMed PMID: 33465055; PMCID: PMC7954603.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI142421

76. Vennhuis RT, editor. CD4+ depletion results in robust CNS rebound and larger macrophage reservoirs. CROI; 2022 February 16; Virtual.

77. Archin NM, Margolis DM. Emerging strategies to deplete the HIV reservoir. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014;27(1):29-35. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000026. PubMed PMID: 24296585; PMCID: PMC4031321.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000026

78. Archin NM, Liberty AL, Kashuba AD, Choudhary SK, Kuruc JD, Crooks AM, Parker DC, Anderson EM, Kearney MF, Strain MC, Richman DD, Hudgens MG, Bosch RJ, Coffin JM, Eron JJ, Hazuda DJ, Margolis DM. Administration of vorinostat disrupts HIV-1 latency in patients on antiretroviral therapy. Nature. 2012;487(7408):482-5. Epub 20120725. doi: 10.1038/nature11286. PubMed PMID: 22837004; PMCID: PMC3704185.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11286

79. Miller JS, Davis ZB, Helgeson E, Reilly C, Thorkelson A, Anderson J, Lima NS, Jorstad S, Hart GT, Lee JH, Safrit JT, Wong H, Cooley S, Gharu L, Chung H, Soon-Shiong P, Dobrowolski C, Fletcher CV, Karn J, Douek DC, Schacker TW. Safety and virologic impact of the IL-15 superagonist N-803 in people living with HIV: a phase 1 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(2):392-400. Epub 20220131. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01651-9. PubMed PMID: 35102335.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01651-9

80. McBrien JB, Mavigner M, Franchitti L, Smith SA, White E, Tharp GK, Walum H, Busman-Sahay K, Aguilera-Sandoval CR, Thayer WO, Spagnuolo RA, Kovarova M, Wahl A, Cervasi B, Margolis DM, Vanderford TH, Carnathan DG, Paiardini M, Lifson JD, Lee JH, Safrit JT, Bosinger SE, Estes JD, Derdeyn CA, Garcia JV, Kulpa DA, Chahroudi A, Silvestri G. Robust and persistent reactivation of SIV and HIV by N-803 and depletion of CD8(+) cells. Nature. 2020;578(7793):154-9. Epub 20200122. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1946-0. PubMed PMID: 31969705; PMCID: PMC7580846.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1946-0

81. Harper J, Gordon S, Chan CN, Wang H, Lindemuth E, Galardi C, Falcinelli SD, Raines SLM, Read JL, Nguyen K, McGary CS, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Schawalder J, King C, Pino M, Micci L, Cervasi B, Jean S, Sanderson A, Johns B, Koblansky AA, Amrine-Madsen H, Lifson J, Margolis DM, Silvestri G, Bar KJ, Favre D, Estes JD, Paiardini M. CTLA-4 and PD-1 dual blockade induces SIV reactivation without control of rebound after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):519-28. Epub 20200316. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0782-y. PubMed PMID: 32284611; PMCID: PMC7790171.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0782-y

82. Rahman SA, Yagnik B, Bally AP, Morrow KN, Wang S, Vanderford TH, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, Amara RR. PD-1 blockade and vaccination provide therapeutic benefit against SIV by inducing broad and functional CD8(+) T cells in lymphoid tissue. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(63):eabh3034. Epub 20210903. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh3034. PubMed PMID: 34516743; PMCID: PMC8500359.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abh3034

83. Nixon CC, Mavigner M, Sampey GC, Brooks AD, Spagnuolo RA, Irlbeck DM, Mattingly C, Ho PT, Schoof N, Cammon CG, Tharp GK, Kanke M, Wang Z, Cleary RA, Upadhyay AA, De C, Wills SR, Falcinelli SD, Galardi C, Walum H, Schramm NJ, Deutsch J, Lifson JD, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Jean S, Maguire S, Liao B, Browne EP, Ferris RG, Brehm JH, Favre D, Vanderford TH, Bosinger SE, Jones CD, Routy JP, Archin NM, Margolis DM, Wahl A, Dunham RM, Silvestri G, Chahroudi A, Garcia JV. Systemic HIV and SIV latency reversal via non-canonical NF-kappaB signalling in vivo. Nature. 2020;578(7793):160-5. Epub 20200122. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1951-3. PubMed PMID: 31969707; PMCID: PMC7111210.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1951-3

84. Dashti A, Sukkestad S, Horner AM, Neja M, Siddiqi Z, Waller C, Goldy J, Monroe D, Lin A, Schoof N, Singh V, Mavigner M, Lifson JD, Deleage C, Tuyishime M, Falcinelli SD, King HAD, Ke R, Mason RD, Archin NM, Dunham RM, Safrit JT, Jean S, Perelson AS, Margolis DM, Ferrari G, Roederer M, Silvestri G, Chahroudi A. AZD5582 plus SIV-specific antibodies reduce lymph node viral reservoirs in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed macaques. Nat Med. 2023. Epub 20231002. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02570-7. PubMed PMID: 37783968.

85. Lim SY, Osuna CE, Hraber PT, Hesselgesser J, Gerold JM, Barnes TL, Sanisetty S, Seaman MS, Lewis MG, Geleziunas R, Miller MD, Cihlar T, Lee WA, Hill AL, Whitney JB. TLR7 agonists induce transient viremia and reduce the viral reservoir in SIV-infected rhesus macaques on antiretroviral therapy. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(439). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao4521. PubMed PMID: 29720451; PMCID: PMC5973480.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aao4521

86. Bekerman E, Hesselgesser J, Carr B, Nagel M, Hung M, Wang A, Stapleton L, von Gegerfelt A, Elyard HA, Lifson JD, Geleziunas R. PD-1 Blockade and TLR7 Activation Lack Therapeutic Benefit in Chronic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques on Antiretroviral Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(11). Epub 20191022. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01163-19. PubMed PMID: 31501143; PMCID: PMC6811450.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01163-19

87. Del Prete GQ, Alvord WG, Li Y, Deleage C, Nag M, Oswald K, Thomas JA, Pyle C, Bosche WJ, Coalter V, Wiles A, Wiles R, Berkemeier B, Hull M, Chipriano E, Silipino L, Fast R, Kiser J, Kiser R, Malys T, Kramer J, Breed MW, Trubey CM, Estes JD, Barnes TL, Hesselgesser J, Geleziunas R, Lifson JD. TLR7 agonist administration to SIV-infected macaques receiving early initiated cART does not induce plasma viremia. JCI Insight. 2019;4(11). Epub 20190606. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.127717. PubMed PMID: 31167974; PMCID: PMC6629134.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.127717

88. Ho YC, Shan L, Hosmane NN, Wang J, Laskey SB, Rosenbloom DI, Lai J, Blankson JN, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Replication-competent noninduced proviruses in the latent reservoir increase barrier to HIV-1 cure. Cell. 2013;155(3):540-51. Epub 20131024. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.020. PubMed PMID: 24243014; PMCID: PMC3896327.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.020

89. Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Low Inducibility of Latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Proviruses as a Major Barrier to Cure. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(12 Suppl 2):13-21. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa649. PubMed PMID: 33586775; PMCID: PMC7883034.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa649

90. Henrich TJ, Hanhauser E, Marty FM, Sirignano MN, Keating S, Lee TH, Robles YP, Davis BT, Li JZ, Heisey A, Hill AL, Busch MP, Armand P, Soiffer RJ, Altfeld M, Kuritzkes DR. Antiretroviral-free HIV-1 remission and viral rebound after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: report of 2 cases. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(5):319-27. doi: 10.7326/M14-1027. PubMed PMID: 25047577; PMCID: PMC4236912.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-1027

91. Vansant G, Bruggemans A, Janssens J, Debyser Z. Block-And-Lock Strategies to Cure HIV Infection. Viruses. 2020;12(1). Epub 20200110. doi: 10.3390/v12010084. PubMed PMID: 31936859; PMCID: PMC7019976.

92. Sekaly R, Ribeiro SP, Strongin Z, Caten FT, Ghneim K, Sanchez GP, de Medeiros GX, Pelletier A-N, Hoang T, Nguyen K, Jean S, Wallace C, Balderas R, Lifson L, Raghunathan G, Rimmer E, Pastuskovas C, Wu G, Micci L, Ribeiro R, Chan C, Estes J, Silvestri G, Gorman DM, Bonnie B, Hazuda DJ, Paiardini M. Dual blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 leads to control of SIV viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. Research Square. 2023. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3175716/v1.

93. NIAID. Experimental HIV vaccine regimen safe but ineffective, study finds [updated 2023 January 18; cited 2023 October 4]. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/experimental-hiv-vaccine-regimen-safe-ineffective-study-finds.

94. HVTN. Phase 3 Mosaic-based investigational HIV vaccine study discontinued following disappointing results of planned data review [updated 2023 January 18; cited 2023 October 4]. Available from: https://www.hvtn.org/news/news-releases/2023/01/phase-3-mosaic-based-investigational-hiv-vaccine-study-discontinued-following-disappointing-results-planned-data-review.html.

95. Gray GE, Bekker LG, Laher F, Malahleha M, Allen M, Moodie Z, Grunenberg N, Huang Y, Grove D, Prigmore B, Kee JJ, Benkeser D, Hural J, Innes C, Lazarus E, Meintjes G, Naicker N, Kalonji D, Nchabeleng M, Sebe M, Singh N, Kotze P, Kassim S, Dubula T, Naicker V, Brumskine W, Ncayiya CN, Ward AM, Garrett N, Kistnasami G, Gaffoor Z, Selepe P, Makhoba PB, Mathebula MP, Mda P, Adonis T, Mapetla KS, Modibedi B, Philip T, Kobane G, Bentley C, Ramirez S, Takuva S, Jones M, Sikhosana M, Atujuna M, Andrasik M, Hejazi NS, Puren A, Wiesner L, Phogat S, Diaz Granados C, Koutsoukos M, Van Der Meeren O, Barnett SW, Kanesa-Thasan N, Kublin JG, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Janes H, Corey L, Team HS. Vaccine Efficacy of ALVAC-HIV and Bivalent Subtype C gp120-MF59 in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(12):1089-100. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2031499. PubMed PMID: 33761206; PMCID: PMC7888373.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031499

96. HVTN. Experimental phase 2B HIV vaccine regimen provides insufficient protection in preventing HIV [updated 2021 August 31; cited 2023 October 4]. Available from: https://www.hvtn.org/news/news-releases/2021/08/experimental-phase-2b-hiv-vaccine-regimen-provides-insufficient-.html.

97. Bar KJ, Sneller MC, Harrison LJ, Justement JS, Overton ET, Petrone ME, Salantes DB, Seamon CA, Scheinfeld B, Kwan RW, Learn GH, Proschan MA, Kreider EF, Blazkova J, Bardsley M, Refsland EW, Messer M, Clarridge KE, Tustin NB, Madden PJ, Oden K, O’Dell SJ, Jarocki B, Shiakolas AR, Tressler RL, Doria-Rose NA, Bailer RT, Ledgerwood JE, Capparelli EV, Lynch RM, Graham BS, Moir S, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Hoxie JA, Fauci AS, Tebas P, Chun TW. Effect of HIV Antibody VRC01 on Viral Rebound after Treatment Interruption. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(21):2037-50. Epub 20161109. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1608243. PubMed PMID: 27959728; PMCID: PMC5292134.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1608243

98. Lynch RM, Boritz E, Coates EE, DeZure A, Madden P, Costner P, Enama ME, Plummer S, Holman L, Hendel CS, Gordon I, Casazza J, Conan-Cibotti M, Migueles SA, Tressler R, Bailer RT, McDermott A, Narpala S, O’Dell S, Wolf G, Lifson JD, Freemire BA, Gorelick RJ, Pandey JP, Mohan S, Chomont N, Fromentin R, Chun TW, Fauci AS, Schwartz RM, Koup RA, Douek DC, Hu Z, Capparelli E, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Ledgerwood JE, Team VRCS. Virologic effects of broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 administration during chronic HIV-1 infection. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(319):319ra206. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5752. PubMed PMID: 26702094.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5752

99. Crowell TA, Colby DJ, Pinyakorn S, Sacdalan C, Pagliuzza A, Intasan J, Benjapornpong K, Tangnaree K, Chomchey N, Kroon E, de Souza MS, Tovanabutra S, Rolland M, Eller MA, Paquin-Proulx D, Bolton DL, Tokarev A, Thomas R, Takata H, Trautmann L, Krebs SJ, Modjarrad K, McDermott AB, Bailer RT, Doria-Rose N, Patel B, Gorelick RJ, Fullmer BA, Schuetz A, Grandin PV, O’Connell RJ, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, Tressler R, Mascola JR, Chomont N, Michael NL, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Group RVS. Safety and efficacy of VRC01 broadly neutralising antibodies in adults with acutely treated HIV (RV397): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2019;6(5):e297-e306. Epub 20190415. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30053-0. PubMed PMID: 31000477; PMCID: PMC6693657.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30053-0

100. Stephenson KE, Julg B, Tan CS, Zash R, Walsh SR, Rolle CP, Monczor AN, Lupo S, Gelderblom HC, Ansel JL, Kanjilal DG, Maxfield LF, Nkolola J, Borducchi EN, Abbink P, Liu J, Peter L, Chandrashekar A, Nityanandam R, Lin Z, Setaro A, Sapiente J, Chen Z, Sunner L, Cassidy T, Bennett C, Sato A, Mayer B, Perelson AS, deCamp A, Priddy FH, Wagh K, Giorgi EE, Yates NL, Arduino RC, DeJesus E, Tomaras GD, Seaman MS, Korber B, Barouch DH. Safety, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of PGT121, a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody against HIV-1: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(10):1718-24. Epub 20211007. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01509-0. PubMed PMID: 34621054; PMCID: PMC8516645.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01509-0

101. Caskey M, Klein F, Lorenzi JC, Seaman MS, West AP, Jr., Buckley N, Kremer G, Nogueira L, Braunschweig M, Scheid JF, Horwitz JA, Shimeliovich I, Ben-Avraham S, Witmer-Pack M, Platten M, Lehmann C, Burke LA, Hawthorne T, Gorelick RJ, Walker BD, Keler T, Gulick RM, Fatkenheuer G, Schlesinger SJ, Nussenzweig MC. Viraemia suppressed in HIV-1-infected humans by broadly neutralizing antibody 3BNC117. Nature. 2015;522(7557):487-91. Epub 20150408. doi: 10.1038/nature14411. PubMed PMID: 25855300; PMCID: PMC4890714.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14411

102. Scheid JF, Horwitz JA, Bar-On Y, Kreider EF, Lu CL, Lorenzi JC, Feldmann A, Braunschweig M, Nogueira L, Oliveira T, Shimeliovich I, Patel R, Burke L, Cohen YZ, Hadrigan S, Settler A, Witmer-Pack M, West AP, Jr., Juelg B, Keler T, Hawthorne T, Zingman B, Gulick RM, Pfeifer N, Learn GH, Seaman MS, Bjorkman PJ, Klein F, Schlesinger SJ, Walker BD, Hahn BH, Nussenzweig MC, Caskey M. HIV-1 antibody 3BNC117 suppresses viral rebound in humans during treatment interruption. Nature. 2016;535(7613):556-60. Epub 20160622. doi: 10.1038/nature18929. PubMed PMID: 27338952; PMCID: PMC5034582.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18929

103. Caskey M, Schoofs T, Gruell H, Settler A, Karagounis T, Kreider EF, Murrell B, Pfeifer N, Nogueira L, Oliveira TY, Learn GH, Cohen YZ, Lehmann C, Gillor D, Shimeliovich I, Unson-O’Brien C, Weiland D, Robles A, Kummerle T, Wyen C, Levin R, Witmer-Pack M, Eren K, Ignacio C, Kiss S, West AP, Jr., Mouquet H, Zingman BS, Gulick RM, Keler T, Bjorkman PJ, Seaman MS, Hahn BH, Fatkenheuer G, Schlesinger SJ, Nussenzweig MC, Klein F. Antibody 10-1074 suppresses viremia in HIV-1-infected individuals. Nat Med. 2017;23(2):185-91. Epub 20170116. doi: 10.1038/nm.4268. PubMed PMID: 28092665; PMCID: PMC5467219.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4268

104. Wagh K, Seaman MS. Divide and conquer: broadly neutralizing antibody combinations for improved HIV-1 viral coverage. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2023;18(4):164-70. Epub 20230519. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000800. PubMed PMID: 37249911; PMCID: PMC10256304.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000800

105. Julg B, Stephenson KE, Wagh K, Tan SC, Zash R, Walsh S, Ansel J, Kanjilal D, Nkolola J, Walker-Sperling VEK, Ophel J, Yanosick K, Borducchi EN, Maxfield L, Abbink P, Peter L, Yates NL, Wesley MS, Hassell T, Gelderblom HC, deCamp A, Mayer BT, Sato A, Gerber MW, Giorgi EE, Gama L, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Monczor A, Lupo S, Rolle CP, Arduino R, DeJesus E, Tomaras GD, Seaman MS, Korber B, Barouch DH. Safety and antiviral activity of triple combination broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy against HIV-1: a phase 1 clinical trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(6):1288-96. Epub 20220512. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01815-1. PubMed PMID: 35551291; PMCID: PMC9205771.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01815-1

106. Mendoza P, Gruell H, Nogueira L, Pai JA, Butler AL, Millard K, Lehmann C, Suarez I, Oliveira TY, Lorenzi JCC, Cohen YZ, Wyen C, Kummerle T, Karagounis T, Lu CL, Handl L, Unson-O’Brien C, Patel R, Ruping C, Schlotz M, Witmer-Pack M, Shimeliovich I, Kremer G, Thomas E, Seaton KE, Horowitz J, West AP, Jr., Bjorkman PJ, Tomaras GD, Gulick RM, Pfeifer N, Fatkenheuer G, Seaman MS, Klein F, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Combination therapy with anti-HIV-1 antibodies maintains viral suppression. Nature. 2018;561(7724):479-84. Epub 20180926. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0531-2. PubMed PMID: 30258136; PMCID: PMC6166473.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0531-2

107. Sneller MC, Blazkova J, Justement JS, Shi V, Kennedy BD, Gittens K, Tolstenko J, McCormack G, Whitehead EJ, Schneck RF, Proschan MA, Benko E, Kovacs C, Oguz C, Seaman MS, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC, Fauci AS, Moir S, Chun TW. Combination anti-HIV antibodies provide sustained virological suppression. Nature. 2022;606(7913):375-81. Epub 20220601. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04797-9. PubMed PMID: 35650437.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04797-9

108. Gaebler C, Nogueira L, Stoffel E, Oliveira TY, Breton G, Millard KG, Turroja M, Butler A, Ramos V, Seaman MS, Reeves JD, Petroupoulos CJ, Shimeliovich I, Gazumyan A, Jiang CS, Jilg N, Scheid JF, Gandhi R, Walker BD, Sneller MC, Fauci A, Chun TW, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Prolonged viral suppression with anti-HIV-1 antibody therapy. Nature. 2022;606(7913):368-74. Epub 20220413. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04597-1. PubMed PMID: 35418681; PMCID: PMC9177424.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04597-1

109. Parikh UM, Bacheler L, Koontz D, Mellors JW. The K65R mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase exhibits bidirectional phenotypic antagonism with thymidine analog mutations. J Virol. 2006;80(10):4971-7. doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.10.4971-4977.2006. PubMed PMID: 16641288; PMCID: PMC1472090.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.10.4971-4977.2006

110. Niessl J, Baxter AE, Mendoza P, Jankovic M, Cohen YZ, Butler AL, Lu CL, Dube M, Shimeliovich I, Gruell H, Klein F, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC, Kaufmann DE. Combination anti-HIV-1 antibody therapy is associated with increased virus-specific T cell immunity. Nat Med. 2020;26(2):222-7. Epub 20200203. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0747-1. PubMed PMID: 32015556; PMCID: PMC7018622.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0747-1

111. Nishimura Y, Gautam R, Chun TW, Sadjadpour R, Foulds KE, Shingai M, Klein F, Gazumyan A, Golijanin J, Donaldson M, Donau OK, Plishka RJ, Buckler-White A, Seaman MS, Lifson JD, Koup RA, Fauci AS, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA. Early antibody therapy can induce long-lasting immunity to SHIV. Nature. 2017;543(7646):559-63. Epub 20170313. doi: 10.1038/nature21435. PubMed PMID: 28289286; PMCID: PMC5458531.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21435

112. Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell. 1996;86(3):367-77. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80110-5. PubMed PMID: 8756719.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80110-5

113. Hutter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Mussig A, Allers K, Schneider T, Hofmann J, Kucherer C, Blau O, Blau IW, Hofmann WK, Thiel E. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(7):692-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0802905. PubMed PMID: 19213682.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802905

114. Yukl SA, Boritz E, Busch M, Bentsen C, Chun TW, Douek D, Eisele E, Haase A, Ho YC, Hutter G, Justement JS, Keating S, Lee TH, Li P, Murray D, Palmer S, Pilcher C, Pillai S, Price RW, Rothenberger M, Schacker T, Siliciano J, Siliciano R, Sinclair E, Strain M, Wong J, Richman D, Deeks SG. Challenges in detecting HIV persistence during potentially curative interventions: a study of the Berlin patient. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(5):e1003347. Epub 20130509. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003347. PubMed PMID: 23671416; PMCID: PMC3649997.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003347

115. Gupta RK, Abdul-Jawad S, McCoy LE, Mok HP, Peppa D, Salgado M, Martinez-Picado J, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Lee H, Grant P, Nastouli E, Lambert J, Pace M, Salasc F, Monit C, Innes AJ, Muir L, Waters L, Frater J, Lever AML, Edwards SG, Gabriel IH, Olavarria E. HIV-1 remission following CCR5Delta32/Delta32 haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Nature. 2019;568(7751):244-8. Epub 20190305. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1027-4. PubMed PMID: 30836379; PMCID: PMC7275870.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1027-4

116. Gupta RK, Peppa D, Hill AL, Galvez C, Salgado M, Pace M, McCoy LE, Griffith SA, Thornhill J, Alrubayyi A, Huyveneers LEP, Nastouli E, Grant P, Edwards SG, Innes AJ, Frater J, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Martinez-Picado J, Olavarria E. Evidence for HIV-1 cure after CCR5Delta32/Delta32 allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation 30 months post analytical treatment interruption: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(5):e340-e7. Epub 20200310. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30069-2. PubMed PMID: 32169158; PMCID: PMC7606918.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30069-2

117. Hsu J, Van Besien K, Glesby MJ, Pahwa S, Coletti A, Warshaw MG, Petz L, Moore TB, Chen YH, Pallikkuth S, Dhummakupt A, Cortado R, Golner A, Bone F, Baldo M, Riches M, Mellors JW, Tobin NH, Browning R, Persaud D, Bryson Y, International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent ACTNPT. HIV-1 remission and possible cure in a woman after haplo-cord blood transplant. Cell. 2023;186(6):1115-26 e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.030. PubMed PMID: 36931242.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.030

118. Jensen BO, Knops E, Cords L, Lubke N, Salgado M, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Huyveneers LEP, Perdomo-Celis F, Wittner M, Galvez C, Mummert C, Passaes C, Eberhard JM, Munk C, Hauber I, Hauber J, Heger E, De Clercq J, Vandekerckhove L, Bergmann S, Dunay GA, Klein F, Haussinger D, Fischer JC, Nachtkamp K, Timm J, Kaiser R, Harrer T, Luedde T, Nijhuis M, Saez-Cirion A, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Wensing AMJ, Martinez-Picado J, Kobbe G. In-depth virological and immunological characterization of HIV-1 cure after CCR5Delta32/Delta32 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nat Med. 2023;29(3):583-7. Epub 20230220. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02213-x. PubMed PMID: 36807684; PMCID: PMC10033413.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02213-x

119. Dickter J, Weibel S, Cardoso A, Li S, Gendzekhadze K, Feng Y, Dadwal S, Taplitz R, Ross J, Aribi A, Stan R, Kidambi T, Lai L, Chang S, Chaillon A, Al Malki M, Alvarnas J, Forman S, Zaia J, editors. The ‘City of Hope’ Patient: prolonged HIV-1 remission without antiretrovirals (ART) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHCT) of CCR5-Delta32/Delta32 donor cells for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). AIDS; 2022 August 1; Montreal, Canada.

120. Rothenberger M, Wagner JE, Haase A, Richman D, Grzywacz B, Strain M, Lada S, Estes J, Fletcher CV, Podany AT, Anderson J, Schmidt T, Wietgrefe S, Schacker T, Verneris MR. Transplantation of CCR5∆32 Homozygous Umbilical Cord Blood in a Child With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(5):ofy090. Epub 20180522. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy090. PubMed PMID: 29868623; PMCID: PMC5965100.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy090

121. Duarte RF, Salgado M, Sanchez-Ortega I, Arnan M, Canals C, Domingo-Domenech E, Fernandez-de-Sevilla A, Gonzalez-Barca E, Moron-Lopez S, Nogues N, Patino B, Puertas MC, Clotet B, Petz LD, Querol S, Martinez-Picado J. CCR5 Delta32 homozygous cord blood allogeneic transplantation in a patient with HIV: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(6):e236-42. Epub 20150519. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00083-1. PubMed PMID: 26423196.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00083-1

122. Huyveneers LEP, Bruns A, Stam A, Ellerbroek P, de Jong D, Nagy NA, Gumbs SBH, Tesselaar K, Bosman K, Salgado M, Hutter G, Brosens LAA, Kwon M, Diez Martin J, van der Meer JTM, de Kort TM, Saez-Cirion A, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Boelens JJ, Martinez-Picado J, Kuball JHE, Wensing AMJ, Nijhuis M, IciStem C. Autopsy Study Defines Composition and Dynamics of the HIV-1 Reservoir after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation with CCR5Delta32/Delta32 Donor Cells. Viruses. 2022;14(9). Epub 20220917. doi: 10.3390/v14092069. PubMed PMID: 36146874; PMCID: PMC9503691.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092069

123. Hutter G. More on shift of HIV tropism in stem-cell transplantation with CCR5 delta32/delta32 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(25):2437-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1412279. PubMed PMID: 25517721.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1412279

124. Kordelas L, Verheyen J, Beelen DW, Horn PA, Heinold A, Kaiser R, Trenschel R, Schadendorf D, Dittmer U, Esser S, Essen HIVAG. Shift of HIV tropism in stem-cell transplantation with CCR5 Delta32 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(9):880-2. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1405805. PubMed PMID: 25162903.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1405805

125. Jubb B, Lewis M, McFadyen L, Simpson P, Mori J, Chan P, Weatherley B, van der Ryst E, Westby M, Craig C. Incidence of CXCR4 tropism and CCR5-tropic resistance in treatment-experienced participants receiving maraviroc in the 48-week MOTIVATE 1 and 2 trials. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2019;27:2040206619895706. doi: 10.1177/2040206619895706. PubMed PMID: 31856576; PMCID: PMC6931239.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2040206619895706

126. Cillo AR, Krishnan S, McMahon DK, Mitsuyasu RT, Para MF, Mellors JW. Impact of chemotherapy for HIV-1 related lymphoma on residual viremia and cellular HIV-1 DNA in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92118. Epub 20140317. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092118. PubMed PMID: 24638072; PMCID: PMC3956871.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092118

127. Mavigner M, Watkins B, Lawson B, Lee ST, Chahroudi A, Kean L, Silvestri G. Persistence of virus reservoirs in ART-treated SHIV-infected rhesus macaques after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(9):e1004406. Epub 20140925. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004406. PubMed PMID: 25254512; PMCID: PMC4177994.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004406

128. Peterson CW, Benne C, Polacino P, Kaur J, McAllister CE, Filali-Mouhim A, Obenza W, Pecor TA, Huang ML, Baldessari A, Murnane RD, Woolfrey AE, Jerome KR, Hu SL, Klatt NR, DeRosa S, Sekaly RP, Kiem HP. Loss of immune homeostasis dictates SHIV rebound after stem-cell transplantation. JCI Insight. 2017;2(4):e91230. Epub 20170223. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.91230. PubMed PMID: 28239658; PMCID: PMC5322807.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.91230

129. Martinson JJ, Chapman NH, Rees DC, Liu YT, Clegg JB. Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion. Nat Genet. 1997;16(1):100-3. doi: 10.1038/ng0597-100. PubMed PMID: 9140404.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0597-100

130. Solloch UV, Lang K, Lange V, Bohme I, Schmidt AH, Sauter J. Frequencies of gene variant CCR5-Delta32 in 87 countries based on next-generation sequencing of 1.3 million individuals sampled from 3 national DKMS donor centers. Hum Immunol. 2017;78(11-12):710-7. Epub 20171005. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.001. PubMed PMID: 28987960.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.001

131. Dash PK, Chen C, Kaminski R, Su H, Mancuso P, Sillman B, Zhang C, Liao S, Sravanam S, Liu H, Waight E, Guo L, Mathews S, Sariyer R, Mosley RL, Poluektova LY, Caocci M, Amini S, Gorantla S, Burdo TH, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE, Khalili K. CRISPR editing of CCR5 and HIV-1 facilitates viral elimination in antiretroviral drug-suppressed virus-infected humanized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(19):e2217887120. Epub 20230501. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2217887120. PubMed PMID: 37126704; PMCID: PMC10175831.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2217887120

132. Mancuso P, Chen C, Kaminski R, Gordon J, Liao S, Robinson JA, Smith MD, Liu H, Sariyer IK, Sariyer R, Peterson TA, Donadoni M, Williams JB, Siddiqui S, Bunnell BA, Ling B, MacLean AG, Burdo TH, Khalili K. CRISPR based editing of SIV proviral DNA in ART treated non-human primates. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):6065. Epub 20201127. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19821-7. PubMed PMID: 33247091; PMCID: PMC7695718.

133. Urnov FD, Miller JC, Lee YL, Beausejour CM, Rock JM, Augustus S, Jamieson AC, Porteus MH, Gregory PD, Holmes MC. Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases. Nature. 2005;435(7042):646-51. Epub 20050403. doi: 10.1038/nature03556. PubMed PMID: 15806097.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03556

134. Perez EE, Wang J, Miller JC, Jouvenot Y, Kim KA, Liu O, Wang N, Lee G, Bartsevich VV, Lee YL, Guschin DY, Rupniewski I, Waite AJ, Carpenito C, Carroll RG, Orange JS, Urnov FD, Rebar EJ, Ando D, Gregory PD, Riley JL, Holmes MC, June CH. Establishment of HIV-1 resistance in CD4+ T cells by genome editing using zinc-finger nucleases. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26(7):808-16. Epub 20080629. doi: 10.1038/nbt1410. PubMed PMID: 18587387; PMCID: PMC3422503.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1410

135. Tebas P, Jadlowsky JK, Shaw PA, Tian L, Esparza E, Brennan AL, Kim S, Naing SY, Richardson MW, Vogel AN, Maldini CR, Kong H, Liu X, Lacey SF, Bauer AM, Mampe F, Richman LP, Lee G, Ando D, Levine BL, Porter DL, Zhao Y, Siegel DL, Bar KJ, June CH, Riley JL. CCR5-edited CD4+ T cells augment HIV-specific immunity to enable post-rebound control of HIV replication. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(7). doi: 10.1172/JCI144486. PubMed PMID: 33571163; PMCID: PMC8011906.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI144486

136. Tebas P, Stein D, Tang WW, Frank I, Wang SQ, Lee G, Spratt SK, Surosky RT, Giedlin MA, Nichol G, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, Ando DG, Kalos M, Collman RG, Binder-Scholl G, Plesa G, Hwang WT, Levine BL, June CH. Gene editing of CCR5 in autologous CD4 T cells of persons infected with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(10):901-10. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1300662. PubMed PMID: 24597865; PMCID: PMC4084652.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1300662

137. Zeidan J, Sharma AA, Lee G, Raad A, Fromentin R, Fourati S, Ghneim K, Sanchez GP, Benne C, Canderan G, Procopio FA, Balderas R, Monette G, Lalezari JP, Heffernan JM, Sabbagh L, Chomont N, Ando D, Deeks SG, Sekaly R-P. Infusion of CCR5 gene-edited T cells allows immune reconstitution, HIV reservoir decay, and long-term virological control. bioRxiv. 2021. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.28.433290.

138. Henrich TJ, Hu Z, Li JZ, Sciaranghella G, Busch MP, Keating SM, Gallien S, Lin NH, Giguel FF, Lavoie L, Ho VT, Armand P, Soiffer RJ, Sagar M, Lacasce AS, Kuritzkes DR. Long-term reduction in peripheral blood HIV type 1 reservoirs following reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(11):1694-702. Epub 20130304. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit086. PubMed PMID: 23460751; PMCID: PMC3636784.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit086

139. Cummins NW, Rizza S, Litzow MR, Hua S, Lee GQ, Einkauf K, Chun TW, Rhame F, Baker JV, Busch MP, Chomont N, Dean PG, Fromentin R, Haase AT, Hampton D, Keating SM, Lada SM, Lee TH, Natesampillai S, Richman DD, Schacker TW, Wietgrefe S, Yu XG, Yao JD, Zeuli J, Lichterfeld M, Badley AD. Extensive virologic and immunologic characterization in an HIV-infected individual following allogeneic stem cell transplant and analytic cessation of antiretroviral therapy: A case study. PLoS Med. 2017;14(11):e1002461. Epub 20171128. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002461. PubMed PMID: 29182633; PMCID: PMC5705162.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002461

140. Sáez-Cirión A, Mamez A-C, Avettand-Fenoel V, Thoueille P, Nabergoj M, Hentzien M, Mereles Costa E, Salgado M, Nijhuis M, Melard A, Gardiennet E, Monceaux V, Passaes C, Chapel A, Perdomo-Celis F, Wensing A, Martínez-Picado J, Yerly S, Rougemont M, Calmy A, ICISTEM, editors. Absence of viral rebound for 18 months without antiretrovirals after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with wild-type CCR5 donor cells to treat a biphenotypic sarcoma. IAS; 2023 July 16; Brisbane, Australia.

141. Wu HL, Busman-Sahay K, Weber WC, Waytashek CM, Boyle CD, Bateman KB, Reed JS, Hwang JM, Shriver-Munsch C, Swanson T, Northrup M, Armantrout K, Price H, Robertson-LeVay M, Uttke S, Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Taylor-Brill S, Bondoc S, Agnor R, Junell SL, Legasse AW, Moats C, Bochart RM, Sciurba J, Bimber BN, Sullivan MN, Dozier B, MacAllister RP, Hobbs TR, Martin LD, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Colgin LMA, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD, Estes JD, Smedley JV, Axthelm MK, Meyers G, Maziarz RT, Burwitz BJ, Stanton JJ, Sacha JB. Allogeneic immunity clears latent virus following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in SIV-infected ART-suppressed macaques. Immunity. 2023;56(7):1649-63 e5. Epub 20230525. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.019. PubMed PMID: 37236188; PMCID: PMC10524637.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.019

142. Weiden PL, Flournoy N, Thomas ED, Prentice R, Fefer A, Buckner CD, Storb R. Antileukemic effect of graft-versus-host disease in human recipients of allogeneic-marrow grafts. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(19):1068-73. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197905103001902. PubMed PMID: 34792.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197905103001902

143. Weiden PL, Sullivan KM, Flournoy N, Storb R, Thomas ED, Seattle Marrow Transplant T. Antileukemic effect of chronic graft-versus-host disease: contribution to improved survival after allogeneic marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1981;304(25):1529-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198106183042507. PubMed PMID: 7015133.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198106183042507

144. Penack O, Marchetti M, Ruutu T, Aljurf M, Bacigalupo A, Bonifazi F, Ciceri F, Cornelissen J, Malladi R, Duarte RF, Giebel S, Greinix H, Holler E, Lawitschka A, Mielke S, Mohty M, Arat M, Nagler A, Passweg J, Schoemans H, Socie G, Solano C, Vrhovac R, Zeiser R, Kroger N, Basak GW. Prophylaxis and management of graft versus host disease after stem-cell transplantation for haematological malignancies: updated consensus recommendations of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(2):e157-e67. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30256-X. PubMed PMID: 32004485.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30256-X

145. Yoshinaga T, Miki S, Kawauchi-Miki S, Seki T, Fujiwara T. Barrier to Resistance of Dolutegravir in Two-Drug Combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(3). Epub 20190226. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02104-18. PubMed PMID: 30602514; PMCID: PMC6395897.

146. Raffi F, Pozniak AL, Wainberg MA. Has the time come to abandon efavirenz for first-line antiretroviral therapy? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(7):1742-7. Epub 20140305. doi: 10.1093/jac/dku058. PubMed PMID: 24603962.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku058

147. Nickel K, Halfpenny NJA, Snedecor SJ, Punekar YS. Comparative efficacy, safety and durability of dolutegravir relative to common core agents in treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1: an update on a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):222. Epub 20210226. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-05850-0. PubMed PMID: 33637050; PMCID: PMC7908737.

148. Markowitz M, Zolopa A, Squires K, Ruane P, Coakley D, Kearney B, Zhong L, Wulfsohn M, Miller MD, Lee WA. Phase I/II study of the pharmacokinetics, safety and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir alafenamide, a new prodrug of the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir, in HIV-infected adults. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(5):1362-9. Epub 20140206. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkt532. PubMed PMID: 24508897.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt532

149. Callebaut C, Stepan G, Tian Y, Miller MD. In Vitro Virology Profile of Tenofovir Alafenamide, a Novel Oral Prodrug of Tenofovir with Improved Antiviral Activity Compared to That of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(10):5909-16. Epub 20150706. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01152-15. PubMed PMID: 26149992; PMCID: PMC4576064.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01152-15

150. Diamond TL, Ngo W, Xu M, Goh SL, Rodriguez S, Lai MT, Asante-Appiah E, Grobler JA. Islatravir Has a High Barrier to Resistance and Exhibits a Differentiated Resistance Profile from Approved Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66(6):e0013322. Epub 20220512. doi: 10.1128/aac.00133-22. PubMed PMID: 35546110; PMCID: PMC9211433.

151. Matthews RP, Ankrom W, Friedman E, Jackson Rudd D, Liu Y, Mogg R, Panebianco D, De Lepeleire I, Petkova M, Grobler JA, Stoch SA, Iwamoto M. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single- and multiple-dose administration of islatravir (MK-8591) in adults without HIV. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;14(5):1935-44. Epub 20210831. doi: 10.1111/cts.13048. PubMed PMID: 34463432; PMCID: PMC8504818.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13048

152. Matthews RP, Patel M, Barrett SE, Haspeslagh L, Reynders T, Zhang S, Rottey S, Goodey A, Vargo RC, Grobler JA, Stoch SA, Iwamoto M. Safety and pharmacokinetics of islatravir subdermal implant for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(10):1712-7. Epub 20211004. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01479-3. PubMed PMID: 34608329.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01479-3

153. Link JO, Rhee MS, Tse WC, Zheng J, Somoza JR, Rowe W, Begley R, Chiu A, Mulato A, Hansen D, Singer E, Tsai LK, Bam RA, Chou CH, Canales E, Brizgys G, Zhang JR, Li J, Graupe M, Morganelli P, Liu Q, Wu Q, Halcomb RL, Saito RD, Schroeder SD, Lazerwith SE, Bondy S, Jin D, Hung M, Novikov N, Liu X, Villasenor AG, Cannizzaro CE, Hu EY, Anderson RL, Appleby TC, Lu B, Mwangi J, Liclican A, Niedziela-Majka A, Papalia GA, Wong MH, Leavitt SA, Xu Y, Koditek D, Stepan GJ, Yu H, Pagratis N, Clancy S, Ahmadyar S, Cai TZ, Sellers S, Wolckenhauer SA, Ling J, Callebaut C, Margot N, Ram RR, Liu YP, Hyland R, Sinclair GI, Ruane PJ, Crofoot GE, McDonald CK, Brainard DM, Lad L, Swaminathan S, Sundquist WI, Sakowicz R, Chester AE, Lee WE, Daar ES, Yant SR, Cihlar T. Clinical targeting of HIV capsid protein with a long-acting small molecule. Nature. 2020;584(7822):614-8. Epub 20200701. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2443-1. PubMed PMID: 32612233; PMCID: PMC8188729.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2443-1

154. Segal-Maurer S, DeJesus E, Stellbrink HJ, Castagna A, Richmond GJ, Sinclair GI, Siripassorn K, Ruane PJ, Berhe M, Wang H, Margot NA, Dvory-Sobol H, Hyland RH, Brainard DM, Rhee MS, Baeten JM, Molina JM, Investigators CS. Capsid Inhibition with Lenacapavir in Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(19):1793-803. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2115542. PubMed PMID: 35544387.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2115542

155. Balibar CJ, Klein DJ, Zamlynny B, Diamond TL, Fang Z, Cheney CA, Kristoff J, Lu M, Bukhtiyarova M, Ou Y, Xu M, Ba L, Carroll SS, El Marrouni A, Fay JF, Forster A, Goh SL, Gu M, Krosky D, Rosenbloom DIS, Sheth P, Wang D, Wu G, Zebisch M, Zhao T, Zuck P, Grobler J, Hazuda DJ, Howell BJ, Converso A. Potent targeted activator of cell kill molecules eliminate cells expressing HIV-1. Sci Transl Med. 2023;15(684):eabn2038. Epub 20230222. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn2038. PubMed PMID: 36812345.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abn2038

156. Swindells S, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Richmond GJ, Rizzardini G, Baumgarten A, Masia M, Latiff G, Pokrovsky V, Bredeek F, Smith G, Cahn P, Kim YS, Ford SL, Talarico CL, Patel P, Chounta V, Crauwels H, Parys W, Vanveggel S, Mrus J, Huang J, Harrington CM, Hudson KJ, Margolis DA, Smith KY, Williams PE, Spreen WR. Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine for Maintenance of HIV-1 Suppression. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1112-23. Epub 20200304. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1904398. PubMed PMID: 32130809.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1904398

157. Orkin C, Arasteh K, Gorgolas Hernandez-Mora M, Pokrovsky V, Overton ET, Girard PM, Oka S, Walmsley S, Bettacchi C, Brinson C, Philibert P, Lombaard J, St Clair M, Crauwels H, Ford SL, Patel P, Chounta V, D’Amico R, Vanveggel S, Dorey D, Cutrell A, Griffith S, Margolis DA, Williams PE, Parys W, Smith KY, Spreen WR. Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine after Oral Induction for HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1124-35. Epub 20200304. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1909512. PubMed PMID: 32130806.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1909512

158. Jaeger H, Overton ET, Richmond G, Rizzardini G, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Mngqibisa R, Hermida AO, Thalme A, Belonosova E, Ajana F, Benn PD, Wang Y, Hudson KJ, Espanol CM, Ford SL, Crauwels H, Margolis DA, Talarico CL, Smith KY, van Eygen V, Van Solingen-Ristea R, Vanveggel S, Spreen WR. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 96-week results: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(11):e679-e89. Epub 20211011. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00185-5. PubMed PMID: 34648734.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00185-5

159. Gupta SK, Berhe M, Crofoot G, Benson P, Ramgopal M, Sims J, McDonald C, Ruane P, Sanchez WE, Scribner A, Liu SY, VanderVeen LA, Dvory-Sobol H, Rhee MS, Baeten JM, Koenig E. Lenacapavir administered every 26 weeks or daily in combination with oral daily antiretroviral therapy for initial treatment of HIV: a randomised, open-label, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet HIV. 2023;10(1):e15-e23. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(22)00291-0. PubMed PMID: 36566079.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(22)00291-0

160. Ogbuagu O, Segal-Maurer S, Ratanasuwan W, Avihingsanon A, Brinson C, Workowski K, Antinori A, Yazdanpanah Y, Trottier B, Wang H, Margot N, Dvory-Sobol H, Rhee MS, Baeten JM, Molina JM, investigators G-U-. Efficacy and safety of the novel capsid inhibitor lenacapavir to treat multidrug-resistant HIV: week 52 results of a phase 2/3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2023;10(8):e497-e505. Epub 20230711. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00113-3. PubMed PMID: 37451297.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00113-3

161. Rothemejer FH, Lauritsen NP, Juhl AK, Schleimann MH, Konig S, Sogaard OS, Bak RO, Tolstrup M. Development of HIV-Resistant CAR T Cells by CRISPR/Cas-Mediated CAR Integration into the CCR5 Locus. Viruses. 2023;15(1). Epub 20230110. doi: 10.3390/v15010202. PubMed PMID: 36680242; PMCID: PMC9862650.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010202

162. High KP, Brennan-Ing M, Clifford DB, Cohen MH, Currier J, Deeks SG, Deren S, Effros RB, Gebo K, Goronzy JJ, Justice AC, Landay A, Levin J, Miotti PG, Munk RJ, Nass H, Rinaldo CR, Jr., Shlipak MG, Tracy R, Valcour V, Vance DE, Walston JD, Volberding P, HIV OARWGo, Aging. HIV and aging: state of knowledge and areas of critical need for research. A report to the NIH Office of AIDS Research by the HIV and Aging Working Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-18. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825a3668. PubMed PMID: 22688010; PMCID: PMC3413877.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825a3668

163. Masters MC, Landay AL, Robbins PD, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Kuchel GA, Niedernhofer LJ, Palella FJ. Chronic HIV Infection and Aging: Application of a Geroscience-Guided Approach. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;89(Suppl 1):S34-S46. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002858. PubMed PMID: 35015744; PMCID: PMC8751288.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002858

164. Grifoni A, Alonzi T, Alter G, Noonan DM, Landay AL, Albini A, Goletti D. Impact of aging on immunity in the context of COVID-19, HIV, and tuberculosis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1146704. Epub 20230524. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146704. PubMed PMID: 37292210; PMCID: PMC10246744.

165. Dalzini A, Ballin G, Dominguez-Rodriguez S, Rojo P, Petrara MR, Foster C, Cotugno N, Ruggiero A, Nastouli E, Klein N, Rinaldi S, Pahwa S, Rossi P, Giaquinto C, Palma P, De Rossi A, Consortium E. Size of HIV-1 reservoir is associated with telomere shortening and immunosenescence in early-treated European children with perinatally acquired HIV-1. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021;24(11):e25847. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25847. PubMed PMID: 34797948; PMCID: PMC8604380.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25847

166. Alcaide ML, Parmigiani A, Pallikkuth S, Roach M, Freguja R, Della Negra M, Bolivar H, Fischl MA, Pahwa S. Immune activation in HIV-infected aging women on antiretrovirals--implications for age-associated comorbidities: a cross-sectional pilot study. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63804. Epub 20130528. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063804. PubMed PMID: 23724003; PMCID: PMC3665816.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063804

167. Alvarez S, Branas F, Sanchez-Conde M, Moreno S, Lopez-Bernaldo de Quiros JC, Munoz-Fernandez MA. Frailty, markers of immune activation and oxidative stress in HIV infected elderly. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230339. Epub 20200318. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230339. PubMed PMID: 32187205; PMCID: PMC7080240.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230339

168. Aung HL, Bloch M, Vincent T, Mao L, Brew BJ, Cysique LA. Low incidence of advanced neurological burden but high incidence of age-related conditions that are dementia risk factors in aging people living with HIV: a data-linkage 10-year follow-up study. J Neurovirol. 2023;29(2):141-55. Epub 20221212. doi: 10.1007/s13365-022-01104-0. PubMed PMID: 36508059; PMCID: PMC10185650.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-022-01104-0

169. Soares LS, Espindola MS, Zambuzi FA, Galvao-Lima LJ, Cacemiro MC, Soares MR, Santana BA, Calado RT, Bollela VR, Frantz FG. Immunosenescence in chronic HIV infected patients impairs essential functions of their natural killer cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106568. Epub 20200511. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106568. PubMed PMID: 32408187.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106568

170. Shin MS, Park HJ, Salahuddin S, Montgomery RR, Emu B, Shaw AC, Kang I. Alterations in high-dimensional T-cell profile and gene signature of immune aging in HIV-infected older adults without viremia. Aging Cell. 2022;21(10):e13702. Epub 20220829. doi: 10.1111/acel.13702. PubMed PMID: 36036630; PMCID: PMC9577958.

171. Hove-Skovsgaard M, Zhao Y, Tingstedt JL, Hartling HJ, Thudium RF, Benfield T, Afzal S, Nordestgaard B, Ullum H, Gerstoft J, Mocroft A, Nielsen SD. Impact of Age and HIV Status on Immune Activation, Senescence and Apoptosis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:583569. Epub 20200930. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583569. PubMed PMID: 33117394; PMCID: PMC7561401.

172. Szaniawski MA, Spivak AM. Senotherapeutics for HIV and aging. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2020;15(2):83-93. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000609. PubMed PMID: 31833962; PMCID: PMC7325840.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000609

173. Sanchez-Diaz L, Espinosa-Sanchez A, Blanco JR, Carnero A. Senotherapeutics in Cancer and HIV. Cells. 2022;11(7). Epub 20220404. doi: 10.3390/cells11071222. PubMed PMID: 35406785; PMCID: PMC8997781.

174. Morales DR, Moreno-Martos D, Matin N, McGettigan P. Health conditions in adults with HIV compared with the general population: A population-based cross-sectional analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;47:101392. Epub 20220421. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101392. PubMed PMID: 35497059; PMCID: PMC9046106.

175. Abdel-Hakeem MS, Manne S, Beltra JC, Stelekati E, Chen Z, Nzingha K, Ali MA, Johnson JL, Giles JR, Mathew D, Greenplate AR, Vahedi G, Wherry EJ. Epigenetic scarring of exhausted T cells hinders memory differentiation upon eliminating chronic antigenic stimulation. Nat Immunol. 2021;22(8):1008-19. Epub 20210726. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-00975-5. PubMed PMID: 34312545; PMCID: PMC8323971.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-00975-5

176. Yates KB, Tonnerre P, Martin GE, Gerdemann U, Al Abosy R, Comstock DE, Weiss SA, Wolski D, Tully DC, Chung RT, Allen TM, Kim AY, Fidler S, Fox J, Frater J, Lauer GM, Haining WN, Sen DR. Epigenetic scars of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion persist after cure of chronic infection in humans. Nat Immunol. 2021;22(8):1020-9. Epub 20210726. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-00979-1. PubMed PMID: 34312547; PMCID: PMC8600539.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-00979-1

177. Patrinely JR, Jr., Johnson R, Lawless AR, Bhave P, Sawyers A, Dimitrova M, Yeoh HL, Palmeri M, Ye F, Fan R, Davis EJ, Rapisuwon S, Long GV, Haydon A, Osman I, Mehnert JM, Carlino MS, Sullivan RJ, Menzies AM, Johnson DB. Chronic Immune-Related Adverse Events Following Adjuvant Anti-PD-1 Therapy for High-risk Resected Melanoma. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(5):744-8. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.0051. PubMed PMID: 33764387; PMCID: PMC7995124.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.0051

178. Johnson DB, Nebhan CA, Moslehi JJ, Balko JM. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors: long-term implications of toxicity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2022;19(4):254-67. Epub 20220126. doi: 10.1038/s41571-022-00600-w. PubMed PMID: 35082367; PMCID: PMC8790946.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-022-00600-w

179. Baker KS, Leisenring WM, Goodman PJ, Ermoian RP, Flowers ME, Schoch G, Storb R, Sandmaier BM, Deeg HJ. Total body irradiation dose and risk of subsequent neoplasms following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2019;133(26):2790-9. Epub 20190416. doi: 10.1182/blood.2018874115. PubMed PMID: 30992266; PMCID: PMC6598379.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2018874115

180. Hussaini SMQ, Gupta A, Dusetzina SB. Financial Toxicity of Cancer Treatment. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(5):788. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.7987. PubMed PMID: 35266966.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.7987

181. Workman P, Draetta GF, Schellens JHM, Bernards R. How Much Longer Will We Put Up With $100,000 Cancer Drugs? Cell. 2017;168(4):579-83. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.034. PubMed PMID: 28187281.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.034

182. Vokinger KN, Hwang TJ, Daniore P, Lee CC, Tibau A, Grischott T, Rosemann TJ, Kesselheim AS. Analysis of Launch and Postapproval Cancer Drug Pricing, Clinical Benefit, and Policy Implications in the US and Europe. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(9):e212026. Epub 20210916. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2026. PubMed PMID: 34196656; PMCID: PMC8251654.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2026

183. Schaft N, Dorrie J, Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B, Sallam H, Klein S, Eisenberg G, Frankenburg S, Lotem M, Khatib A. The future of affordable cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1248867. Epub 20230906. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1248867. PubMed PMID: 37736099; PMCID: PMC10509759.

184. Frangoul H, Altshuler D, Cappellini MD, Chen YS, Domm J, Eustace BK, Foell J, de la Fuente J, Grupp S, Handgretinger R, Ho TW, Kattamis A, Kernytsky A, Lekstrom-Himes J, Li AM, Locatelli F, Mapara MY, de Montalembert M, Rondelli D, Sharma A, Sheth S, Soni S, Steinberg MH, Wall D, Yen A, Corbacioglu S. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and beta-Thalassemia. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(3):252-60. Epub 20201205. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2031054. PubMed PMID: 33283989.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031054

185. Kanter J, Walters MC, Krishnamurti L, Mapara MY, Kwiatkowski JL, Rifkin-Zenenberg S, Aygun B, Kasow KA, Pierciey FJ, Jr., Bonner M, Miller A, Zhang X, Lynch J, Kim D, Ribeil JA, Asmal M, Goyal S, Thompson AA, Tisdale JF. Biologic and Clinical Efficacy of LentiGlobin for Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(7):617-28. Epub 20211212. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2117175. PubMed PMID: 34898139.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2117175

186. Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Pantry SN, Lauer WA, Duggan NN, Keele BF, Rakasz EG, Gao G, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC. Adeno-Associated Virus Delivery of Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies Can Drive Long-Term Virologic Suppression. Immunity. 2019;50(3):567-75 e5. Epub 20190305. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.005. PubMed PMID: 30850342; PMCID: PMC6457122.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.005

187. Casazza JP, Cale EM, Narpala S, Yamshchikov GV, Coates EE, Hendel CS, Novik L, Holman LA, Widge AT, Apte P, Gordon I, Gaudinski MR, Conan-Cibotti M, Lin BC, Nason MC, Trofymenko O, Telscher S, Plummer SH, Wycuff D, Adams WC, Pandey JP, McDermott A, Roederer M, Sukienik AN, O’Dell S, Gall JG, Flach B, Terry TL, Choe M, Shi W, Chen X, Kaltovich F, Saunders KO, Stein JA, Doria-Rose NA, Schwartz RM, Balazs AB, Baltimore D, Nabel GJ, Koup RA, Graham BS, Ledgerwood JE, Mascola JR, Team VRCS. Safety and tolerability of AAV8 delivery of a broadly neutralizing antibody in adults living with HIV: a phase 1, dose-escalation trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(5):1022-30. Epub 20220411. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01762-x. PubMed PMID: 35411076; PMCID: PMC9876739.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01762-x

188. Priddy FH, Lewis DJM, Gelderblom HC, Hassanin H, Streatfield C, LaBranche C, Hare J, Cox JH, Dally L, Bendel D, Montefiori D, Sayeed E, Ackland J, Gilmour J, Schnepp BC, Wright JF, Johnson P. Adeno-associated virus vectored immunoprophylaxis to prevent HIV in healthy adults: a phase 1 randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2019;6(4):e230-e9. Epub 20190315. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30003-7. PubMed PMID: 30885692; PMCID: PMC6443625.

189. Anderson BR, Muramatsu H, Nallagatla SR, Bevilacqua PC, Sansing LH, Weissman D, Kariko K. Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA enhances translation by diminishing PKR activation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38(17):5884-92. Epub 20100510. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq347. PubMed PMID: 20457754; PMCID: PMC2943593.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq347

190. Kariko K, Buckstein M, Ni H, Weissman D. Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity. 2005;23(2):165-75. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008. PubMed PMID: 16111635.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008

191. Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB, McGettigan J, Khetan S, Segall N, Solis J, Brosz A, Fierro C, Schwartz H, Neuzil K, Corey L, Gilbert P, Janes H, Follmann D, Marovich M, Mascola J, Polakowski L, Ledgerwood J, Graham BS, Bennett H, Pajon R, Knightly C, Leav B, Deng W, Zhou H, Han S, Ivarsson M, Miller J, Zaks T, Group CS. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):403-16. Epub 20201230. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389. PubMed PMID: 33378609; PMCID: PMC7787219.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389

192. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Perez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Roychoudhury S, Koury K, Li P, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Frenck RW, Jr., Hammitt LL, Tureci O, Nell H, Schaefer A, Unal S, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Sahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC, Group CCT. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-15. Epub 20201210. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. PubMed PMID: 33301246; PMCID: PMC7745181.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577

193. Wei T, Cheng Q, Min YL, Olson EN, Siegwart DJ. Systemic nanoparticle delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins for effective tissue specific genome editing. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3232. Epub 20200626. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17029-3. PubMed PMID: 32591530; PMCID: PMC7320157.

194. Cheng Q, Wei T, Farbiak L, Johnson LT, Dilliard SA, Siegwart DJ. Selective organ targeting (SORT) nanoparticles for tissue-specific mRNA delivery and CRISPR-Cas gene editing. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(4):313-20. Epub 20200406. doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-0669-6. PubMed PMID: 32251383; PMCID: PMC7735425.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0669-6

195. McCune JM, Turner EH, Jiang A, Doehle BP. Bringing Gene Therapies for HIV Disease to Resource-Limited Parts of the World. Hum Gene Ther. 2021;32(1-2):21-30. Epub 20201030. doi: 10.1089/hum.2020.252. PubMed PMID: 32998595; PMCID: PMC10112459.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2020.252

196. Nathwani AC. Gene therapy for hemophilia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2022;2022(1):569-78. doi: 10.1182/hematology.2022000388. PubMed PMID: 36485127; PMCID: PMC9821304.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2022000388

197. Kasiewicz LN, Biswas S, Beach A, Ren H, Dutta C, Mazzola AM, Rohde E, Chadwick A, Cheng C, Garcia SP, Iyer S, Matsumoto Y, Khera AV, Musunuru K, Kathiresan S, Malyala P, Rajeev KG, Bellinger AM. GalNAc-Lipid nanoparticles enable non-LDLR dependent hepatic delivery of a CRISPR base editing therapy. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2776. Epub 20230515. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37465-1. PubMed PMID: 37188660; PMCID: PMC10185539.

198. Gaiha GD, Rossin EJ, Urbach J, Landeros C, Collins DR, Nwonu C, Muzhingi I, Anahtar MN, Waring OM, Piechocka-Trocha A, Waring M, Worrall DP, Ghebremichael MS, Newman RM, Power KA, Allen TM, Chodosh J, Walker BD. Structural topology defines protective CD8(+) T cell epitopes in the HIV proteome. Science. 2019;364(6439):480-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aav5095. PubMed PMID: 31048489; PMCID: PMC6855781.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5095

199. Beacroft L, Hallett TB. The potential impact of a “curative intervention” for HIV: a modelling study. Glob Health Res Policy. 2019;4:2. Epub 20190612. doi: 10.1186/s41256-019-0107-1. PubMed PMID: 31223659; PMCID: PMC6567561.

200. Dybul M, Attoye T, Baptiste S, Cherutich P, Dabis F, Deeks SG, Dieffenbach C, Doehle B, Goodenow MM, Jiang A, Kemps D, Lewin SR, Lumpkin MM, Mathae L, McCune JM, Ndung’u T, Nsubuga M, Peay HL, Pottage J, Warren M, Sikazwe I, Sunnylands Working G. The case for an HIV cure and how to get there. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(1):e51-e8. Epub 20201130. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30232-0. PubMed PMID: 33271124; PMCID: PMC7773626.

201. McCune JM, Stevenson SC, Doehle BP, Trenor CC, 3rd, Turner EH, Spector JM. Collaborative science to advance gene therapies in resource-limited parts of the world. Mol Ther. 2021;29(11):3101-2. Epub 20210830. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.024. PubMed PMID: 34464598; PMCID: PMC8571166.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 > >>