A Year in Review on Tuberculosis and Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria Disease: A 2026 Update for Clinicians and Scientists

Simone Tunesi; Graham Bothamley; Gunar Günther; Yousra Kherabi; Liga Kuksa; Berit Lange; Christoph Lange; Natalie Lorent; Francesca Saluzzo; Martina Sester; Xenia Emilie Sinding Iversen; Marc Tebruegge; Conor Tweed; Anca Vasiliu; Lorenzo Guglielmetti

doi:10.20411/pai.v11i1.970

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Published: May 31, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v11i1.970

Keywords:

NTM, TB, TBnet, pediatric TB

Simone Tunesi

Infectious Diseases Unit, AOU SS Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Italy

Graham Bothamley

Homerton University Hospital, London; Queen Mary University of London, London; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Gunar Günther

Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

Yousra Kherabi

Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris; Université Paris Cité, Inserm, IAME, Paris, France

Liga Kuksa

Tuberculosis and Lung Disease clinic, Riga East University hospital, Riga, Latvia

Berit Lange

Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig; German Center for Infection Research, TI BBD, Braunschweig, Germany

Christoph Lange

Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany; Clinical Tuberculosis Unit, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck- Borstel-Riems, Germany; Respiratory Medicine and International Health, University of Lübeck, Germany; Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children´s Hospital, Global TB Program, Houston, Texas

Natalie Lorent

Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven; Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Aging, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Francesca Saluzzo

IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Vita salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

Martina Sester

Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg; Centre for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany

Xenia Emilie Sinding Iversen

International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

Marc Tebruegge

Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine & Austrian National Reference Centre for Childhood Tuberculosis, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna Healthcare Group, Vienna; Infectious Diseases Network, Vienna Healthcare Group, Vienna; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

Conor Tweed

MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Anca Vasiliu

Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany; Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany

Lorenzo Guglielmetti

Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, while infections from non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent a growing public health threat. In its 20th year of activity, the Tuberculosis Network European Trials group (TBnet; www.tbnet.eu) is one of the leading research networks in Europe. In this review, we summarize the main advances in TB and NTM that occurred in 2025.

Methods: We conducted a non-systematic review of articles published in 2025, with a strong emphasis on research with current or potential impact on clinical practice. We also selected the most impactful papers regarding the management of adult TB, pediatric TB, and NTM infections.

Results: Members of the TBnet Steering Committee summarize the main advances in their areas of interest, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, pediatric TB, and NTM infections. We also include a summary of future research priorities.

Conclusions: The year 2025 presented many exciting advancements in almost all fields of mycobacterial science. This article provides an expert-based, clinically orientated summary of the main new findings in the TB and NTM fields and aims to provide an updated overview of the state of the art in those areas.

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Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Volume 11, Number 1

Section

Reviews

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