A Comparison of Molecular Typing Methods Applied to Enterobacter cloacae complex: hsp60 Sequencing, Rep-PCR, and MLST

Authors

Roberto A. Viau¹, Lee M. Kiedrowski², Barry N. Kreiswirth3, Mark Adams⁴, Federico Perez¹, Dror Marchaim⁵, Dubert M. Guerrero⁶, Keith S. Kaye⁷, Latania K. Logan^1,8, Maria Virginia Villegas⁹, Robert A. Bonomo^1,10

Affiliated Institutions

Corresponding Author

Robert A. Bonomo
[email protected]

DOI

Suggested Citation

Abstract

Molecular typing using repetitive sequenced-based PCR (rep-PCR) and hsp60 sequencing were applied to a collection of diverse Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates. To determine the most practical method for reference laboratories, we analyzed 71E. cloacae complex isolates from sporadic and outbreak occurrences originating from 4 geographic areas. While rep-PCR was more discriminating, hsp60 sequencing provided a broader and a more objective geographical tracking method similar to multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In addition, we suggest that MLST may have higher discriminative power compared to hsp60 sequencing, although rep-PCR remains the most discriminative method for local outbreak investigations. In addition, rep-PCR can be an effective and inexpensive method for local outbreak investigation.

Introduction

The goal of molecular typing methods is to determine how closely bacterial strains are related. Typing methods can also help to determine the source of infection, trace transmission of healthcare pathogens, and to categorize strains with virulent behavior or decreased antimicrobial susceptibility [1]. An informative typing method must be able to differentiate between organisms with small genetic differences while having acceptable reproducibility, ease of performance, short turn-around time, and ease of interpretation [2]. In addition, the most useful typing method should be able to determine the extent of genetic differences encountered and help infer if evolution can be deduced from those differences.

For many years, pulsed field electrophoresis (PFGE) served as the “gold standard” for typing Enterobacter spp. [3]. Currently, PFGE, Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR), repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) [4], hsp60 sequencing [5], and more recently, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) are being applied [6]. Other typing methods such as MLST [7] or whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis[8] are also employed. However, PFGE is difficult to standardize between laboratories and challenging to interpret for laboratories with limited experience [9]. Methods based on whole genome sequencing provide reproducible results; however, whole genome sequencing data analysis is not yet fully standardized.

The reproducibility of rep-PCR has been established for a wide range of pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae [10], Escherichia coli [11] Clostridium difficile [12], and Enterobacter cloacae complex [4]. More recently, rep-PCR has been compared favorably to PFGE [4]. MLST, considered the “gold standard” for molecular typing of many species, has an unproven scheme for the discrimination of E. cloacae complex isolates [6]. MLST involves sequencing a DNA segment within 7 housekeeping genes, of which hsp60 is not included. In comparison, hsp60 sequencing possesses the advantage of being a single gene, overcoming the cost and labor required to perform MLST. In developing hsp60 sequencing typing, Hoffman and Roggenkamp reported 12 clusters and 1 sequence crowd based on sequence divergences when describing the E. cloacae nomenspecies [5]. In this report, we compare hsp60 typing of Enterobacter cloacae complex to rep-PCR using a geographically diverse collection in order to gain insight regarding the most practical method to use in reference laboratories.

Materials and Methods

Strains: Enterobacter cloacae complex clinical isolates from a variety of sources (blood, urine, and sputum) were obtained from an outbreak in Fargo, ND (23); a pediatric hospital in Chicago, IL (21); an outbreak from Detroit, MI (8); and from Colombia in South America (20). Isolates were collected both during outbreaks and from sporadic cases. Species identification was confirmed with Vitek MS MALDI-TOF (RAB Laboratory).

hsp60 sequencing: Amplification of the hsp60 gene was accomplished using previously described primers and conditions [5] using DNA isolated by heat lysis. DNA sequencing was performed at a commercial laboratory (MCLAB) and assembled with the Lasergene Software suite (DNASTAR) Seqman package. Pairwise distance was calculated via the Clustal W method and a cladogram was generated using Megalign. We inspected the cladogram for hsp60 sequencing groups and then verified our findings using DNA alignment. Isolates were different if they had a single base difference at any position.

rep-PCR: DNA isolated with MO BIO Ultra Clean Microbial DNA isolation kit (Carlsbad, CA) was used for the Enterobacter spp. fingerprinting kit (bioMérieux, Marcy-L’Étoile, France) per the manufacturer’s procedure. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis using microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (Agilent Bionalyzer 2100, Santa Clara, CA). Results were analyzed using the Diversilab (bioMérieux) on-line software employing the Kullback-Leibler method, which places more emphasis on the presence or absence of bands than on their intensity [13].

MLST: Twenty-four of 71 representative isolates were selected to determine MLST type. DNA was isolated by heat lysis. Seven housekeeping genes were amplified according to the method by Miyoshi-Akiyama et al [6] using their described primer sets. Sequences were assembled using DNABaser (Heracel BioSoft, Romania). A neighbor-joining tree was generated from the allelic profiles using START2 [14].

Data Analysis: The rep-PCR system was divided into 2 sub-groups. In the first sub-group we considered that all isolates with a similarity > 95% (according to the Kullback-Leibler method) belonged to the same strain. For the second group, we visually inspected the band pattern from isolates with > 95% similarity and classified an isolate as different if we could identify at least 1 band difference.

Results from the 3 typing systems were compared using the Simpson’s diversity index (SDI) to assess each method’s ability to find differences between the isolates [15]. The Adjusted Wallace coefficient was used to determine if the methods agreed with each other [16].

Results

All 71 isolates were analyzed by hsp60 sequencing and rep-PCR. Thehsp60 sequences were trimmed to include 316 base pairs. Thus, hsp60 sequencing could differentiate 25 unique isolates, and rep-PCR produced 36 unique partitions, while rep-PCR with manual review produced 47. SDI was 0.851 for hsp60 sequencing, 0.933 for fully automated rep-PCR, and 0.975 for rep-PCR with manual re-interpretation (Table 1). Differences between all methods were statistically significant with P < 0.05 with one-tailed hypothesis.

Table 1. Simpson’s Diversity Index for hsp60 sequencing and rep-PCR with 72 isolates of Enterobacter cloacae complex

There is no statistical difference in the ability to discriminate between isolates when using hsp60 or rep-PCR; or when using rep-PCR or rep-PCR with manual re-classification. However, rep-PCR with manual re-classification produced a significantly higher number of partitions than hsp60 sequencing.

The Adjusted Wallace coefficient with a value of 1 between rep-PCR and rep-PCR with manual re-classification showed that all groupings by rep-PCR with the Kullback-Leibler method were conserved after the manual inspection. This value was 0.36 in the opposite direction, showing that only a fraction of classifications was left intact after the visual inspection. On the other hand, rep-PCR analysis by visual inspection or by the Kullback-Leibler method agreed with hsp60 classifications with a coefficient of 0.459 and 0.416 respectively (P = 0.645). The sequencing of hsp60 only preserved rep-PCR partitions with a coefficient of 0.171 for rep-PCR with the Kullback-Leibler method and 0.068 after visual inspection using ≥ 1 band difference (P = 0.031) (Table 2).

Table 2. Adjusted Wallace Coefficient and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) within hsp60 sequencing and rep-PCR

Partition agreement between the tested typing methodologies shows the adjusted probability of a pair of isolates to be classified in the same group by rep-PCR if classified in the same group by rep-PCR with manual classification (0.36) or hsp60 sequencing (0.42) (Not significant). Since rep-PCR with manual re-classification further divides rep-PCR partitions, if a pair of isolates is classified within the same group, it follows that they would be in the same group with rep-PCR alone (1). Meanwhile, the probability for two isolates in the same group by hsp60 sequencing to remain together in the same partition when typed with rep-PCR with manual reclassification is of 0.46. On the other hand, the probability of a pair of isolates to remain in the same group when typed by hsp60 sequencing is only 0.17 or 0.07 if they were in the same group when typed with rep-PCR or rep-PCR with manual reclassification, respectively.

Discussion

Our results further establish that rep-PCR can discriminate E. cloacae complex strains from diverse geographic origins. When compared to hsp60 sequencing, we observed that rep-PCR shows a higher discriminatory ability. The lower discriminatory ability of hsp60 sequencing as revealed by the SDI (0.98 vs 0.85) is expected given that this is a highly-conserved gene. In contrast, rep-PCR amplifies repetitive areas distributed around the bacterial genome that can change because of chromosomal rearrangements. Despite this, compared to rep-PCR, hsp60 sequencing was able to discriminate a comparable number of isolates. While most of the isolates acquired from patients belonged to clusters I, IV, VI, VIII, and XI of the Hoffman and Roggenkamp genetic clusters [5], we show that hsp60 sequencing is able to provide greater resolution in differentiating isolates affecting humans than what can be provided only by hsp60 cluster designation (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1. rep-PCR of selected samples by hsp60 cluster

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree by hsp60 sequencing with classification by clusters

Analysis including MLST was available for 24 representative isolates (Figure 3 and 4, Tables 3 and 4). SDI was 0.924 for hsp60, 0.978 for rep-PCR, and 0.953 for MLST. After visual re-inspection, the rep-PCR index improved to 0.993. None of the differences between the index for MLST and the other methods reached statistical significance. Agreement within the different methods as measured by the Wallace coefficient show that all partitions detected by MLST were also detected by rep-PCR (Wallace coefficient of 1). However, not all partitions by rep-PCR were detected by MLST (Wallace coefficient of 0.45 and 0.148 for rep-PCR and rep-PCR with visual re-inspection, respectively). Sequencing of hsp60 had a Wallace coefficient of 0.5 and 0.3 respectively, showing 50% of partitions by hsp60 sequencing are also detected by MLST, but only 30% of those detected by MLST translate to different hsp60 types. These data further support the idea of rep-PCR being more capable of fine discrimination that the other typing methods assessed. In contrast MLST appears to be superior to hsp60 sequencing.

Table 3. Simpson’s Diversity Index (SDI) for rep-PCR, hsp60 sequencing, and MLST with 24 isolates of E. cloacae complex

There is no difference in the number of groups achievable by any of the four typing modalities tested. This is likely due to low number of isolates on which all four methods were performed.

Table 4. Adjusted Wallace Coefficient and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) within hsp60 sequencing, rep-PCR, and MLST

A pair of isolates classified in the same group by rep-PCR, rep PCPR with manual re-classification, or hsp60 sequencing has a probability of 0.45, 0.15, or 0.5 to remain in the same group when typed with MLST. Notice wide confidence intervals.

We conclude that the performance characteristics of rep-PCR make it suitable for epidemiological analyses such as outbreak investigations or determination of horizontal transmission in hospitals. We are also able to show that MLST provides finer classification than hsp60 sequencing while not being as discriminative as rep-PCR. Furthermore, the relatively low agreement between hsp60 sequencing and the other methods makes it less desirable for most applications, especially if used alone. Our findings indicate that rep-PCR may be a useful complement to other typing methods. These results allow clinicians and epidemiologist to evaluate outbreaks of Enterobacter cloacae complex, which is of importance as drug resistance is becoming increasingly problematic.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Mary Hayden and Robert Weinstein for their thoughtful comments and guidance. We would also like to thank Dr. Xiaotian Xheng and the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago microbiology lab, and Pamela Hagen and the Rush microbiology laboratory for their contribution of isolates.

Financial Support

Research reported in this presentation was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs Research and Development under Award Number I01BX001974, VISN 10 Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Numbers UM1AI104681, R01AI072219, R01AI063517, R01AI100560, and by the National Center for Research Resources under Award Number U1TR000439. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the National Institutes of Health. L. K. L. acknowledges support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) award number 5K08AI112506-02. This work was also supported by The Children's Foundation. NIH funding directly supported this research.

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